scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Environment to Assess Cycling Hazard Perception Skills

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5499
Author(s):  
Kjell van Paridon ◽  
Matthew A. Timmis ◽  
Shabnam Sadeghi Esfahlani
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Vr Simulator

Safe cycling requires situational awareness to identify and perceive hazards in the environment to react to and avoid dangerous situations. Concurrently, tending to external distractions leads to a failure to identify hazards or to respond appropriately in a time-constrained manner. Hazard perception training can enhance the ability to identify and react to potential dangers while cycling. Although cycling on the road in the presence of driving cars provides an excellent opportunity to develop and evaluate hazard perception skills, there are obvious ethical and practical risks, requiring extensive resources to facilitate safety, particularly when involving children. Therefore, we developed a Cycling and Hazard Perception virtual reality (VR) simulator (CHP-VR simulator) to create a safe environment where hazard perception can be evaluated and/or trained in a real-time setting. The player interacts in the virtual environment through a stationary bike, where sensors on the bike transfer the player’s position and actions (speed and road positioning) into the virtual environment. A VR headset provides a real-world experience for the player, and a procedural content generation (PCG) algorithm enables the generation of playable artifacts. Pilot data using experienced adult cyclists was collected to develop and evaluate the VR simulator through measuring gaze behavior, both in VR and in situ. A comparable scene (cycling past a parked bus) in VR and in situ was used. In this scenario, cyclists fixated 20% longer at the bus in VR compared to in situ. However, limited agreement identified that the mean differences fell within 95% confidence intervals. The observed differences were likely attributed to a lower number of concurrently appearing elements (i.e., cars) in the VR environment compared with in situ. Future work will explore feasibility testing in young children by increasing assets and incorporating a game scoring system to direct attention to overt and covert hazards.

A new kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon) from Hua Hin District, and the first record of O. deuvei from Thailand

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4291 (3) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
OLIVIER S. G. PAUWELS ◽  
HENNING LARSEN ◽  
WINAI SUTHANTHANGJAI ◽  
PATRICK DAVID ◽  
MONTRI SUMONTHA
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Bamboo Forest ◽  
The Road ◽  
First Finding ◽  
On The Road

We describe Oligodon huahin sp. nov. from a bamboo forest locality on the road to Pala-U waterfall, Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, peninsular Thailand. It is characterized by a maximal known SVL of 553.7 mm; 6 maxillary teeth, the posterior two enlarged; 17-17-15 or 17-15-15 dorsal scale rows; 166–173 ventrals and 35–41 subcaudals in males; a single anal; deeply forked hemipenes lacking spines and papillae, extending in situ to the 14th subcaudal; faint to nearly indistinct vertebral, paravertebral and lateral stripes; no dorsal or supracaudal blotches or crossbars; and an uniformly ivory venter lacking subrectangular or squarish blotches. We also report the first finding of Oligodon deuvei in Thailand based on a specimen from Loei Province. 

Hazard Perception in Driving

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Horswill
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Driver Education ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
The Road ◽  
Age Related ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Training

Hazard perception in driving refers to a driver’s ability to anticipate potentially dangerous situations on the road ahead and has been the subject of research for over 50 years. It is typically measured using computer-based hazard-perception tests and has been associated with both retrospective and prospective crash risk, as well as key crash-risk factors such as distraction, fatigue, alcohol consumption, speed choice, and age-related declines. It can also differentiate high- and lower-risk driver groups. The problem is that it is also a skill that appears to take decades of driving experience to acquire. This raises the question of whether it is possible and practical to accelerate this learning process via assessment and training in order to improve traffic safety. We have evidence that, in contrast to most driver education and assessment interventions, hazard-perception testing and training appear to have the capability to reduce crash risk. For example, the inclusion of a hazard-perception test in the UK driver licensing process has been estimated to reduce drivers’ non-low-speed public-road crash rates by 11.3% in the year following their test.

scholarly journals On-the-road driving performance the morning after bedtime administration of lemborexant in healthy adult and elderly volunteers

SLEEP ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemiek Vermeeren ◽  
Stefan Jongen ◽  
Patricia Murphy ◽  
Margaret Moline ◽  
Gleb Filippov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Symmetry Analysis ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Study Objectives To assess potential effects of lemborexant on next-morning driving performance in adult and elderly healthy volunteers. Methods Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo and active-controlled, four period incomplete crossover study in 48 healthy volunteers (22 females), 23–78 years old. Participants were treated at bedtime for eight consecutive nights with two of three dose levels of lemborexant (2.5, 5, or 10 mg), zopiclone 7.5 mg (on the first and last night with placebo on intervening nights), or placebo. Driving performance was assessed in the morning on days 2 and 9 using a standardized highway driving test in normal traffic, measuring standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP). Drug–placebo differences in SDLP >2.4 cm were considered to reflect clinically meaningful driving impairment. Results Mean drug–placebo differences in SDLP following lemborexant 2.5, 5, and 10 mg on days 2 and 9 were 0.74 cm or less. The upper bound of the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lemborexant treatment groups were all below 2.4 cm and the 95% CIs included zero, indicating that the effects were neither clinically meaningful nor statistically significant. Symmetry analysis further supported the lack of clinically meaningful impairment with lemborexant. Conclusions When assessed starting ~9 h after lemborexant administration at bedtime the previous night, there was no statistically significant or clinically meaningful effect on driving performance in healthy adults and elderly, as assessed by either mean differences in SDLP relative to placebo or symmetry analysis. In this study, lemborexant at doses up to 10 mg was well-tolerated. Clinical Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02583451. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02583451.

Interoperability on the Road to Enhance Government-to-Business

2011 ◽  
pp. 125-146
Author(s):  
Giorgos Laskaridis ◽  
Penelope Markellou ◽  
Angeliki Panayiotaki ◽  
Athanasios Tsakalidis
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Public Sectors ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Web ◽  
The Way

This chapter is initiated by the continuously growing governments’ effort to transform their traditional profile to a digital one, worldwide, by adopting e-government models using the ICT and the Web. The chapter deals with interoperability, which appears as the mean for accomplishing the interlinking of information, systems, and applications, not only within governments, but also in their interaction with citizens, enterprises, and public sectors. The chapter highlights the critical issue of interoperability, investigating the way it can be incorporated into e-government domain in order to provide efficient and effective e-services. It also describes the issues, tasks, and steps that are connected with interoperability in the enterprise environment, introducing and analysing a generic interoperability platform (CCIGOV platform). Finally, it illustrates future trends in the field and, thus, suggests directions of future work/research.

scholarly journals In Situ Measurement of Discomfort Curves for Seated Subjects in a Car on the Four-Post Rig

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
T. Ibicek ◽  
A. N. Thite
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Vehicle Dynamic ◽  
The Road ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road

The aim of this study is to measure and quantify perceived intensity of discomfort due to vibration in a vehicle in situ considering complete vehicle dynamic behaviour. The shaker table based discomfort curves or the road test results may not accurately and universally indicate the true level of human discomfort in a vehicle. A new experimental method, using a seated human in a car on the four-post rig simulator, is proposed to quantify discomfort. The intensity of perception to vibration decreased with decreasing input and increasing frequency; the rate of change is different from the published literature; the difference is large for angular modes of inputs. Vehicle dynamic response is used to inform and analyse the results. The repeatability of the method and the fact that they are in situ measurements may eventually help reduce reliance on the road tests. Furthermore, discomfort curves obtained, subsequently, can be used in predictive models.

Pedestrians’ understanding of fully autonomous vehicles (FAV) intent to stop

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1931-1932
Author(s):  
Michal Hochman ◽  
Tal Oron-Gilad
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Message Type ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Road Crossing ◽  
Distance Conditions

This study explored pedestrians’ understanding of Fully Autonomous Vehicle (FAV) intention and what influences their decision to cross. Twenty participants saw fixed simulated urban road crossing scenes with a FAV present on the road. The scenes differed from one another in the FAV’s messages: the external Human-Machine Interfaces (e-HMI) background color, message type and modality, the FAV’s distance from the crossing place, and its size. Eye-tracking data and objective measurements were collected. Results revealed that pedestrians looked at the e-HMI before making their decision; however, they did not always make the decision according to the e-HMIs’ color, instructions (in advice messages), or intention (in status messages). Moreover, when they acted according to the e-HMI proposition, for certain distance conditions, they tended to hesitate before making the decision. Findings suggest that pedestrians’ decision making to cross depends on a combination of the e-HMI implementation and the car distance. Future work should explore the robustness of the findings in dynamic and more complex crossing environments.

scholarly journals Predicting the Evenness of Road Surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-223
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Burtyl ◽  
M. G. Salodkaya ◽  
Ya. N. Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
The Road ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Strength Based ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Comprehensive Indicator

The design of road surfaces involves application of  a sophisticated algorithm system based on mathematical calculations and engineering solutions, with the calculation of evaluation criteria.  It is precisely the observance of the standardized requirements in terms of design criteria that makes it possible to consider the design of the pavement as reliable, and the road as safe and convenient for traffic during the specified service life. When calculating the strength, based on the predicted traffic intensity and the composition of the traffic flow, calculations are carried out according to the main criteria: admissible elastic deflection, shear in layers of non-reinforced materials and in asphalt concrete, as well as the ultimate tensile stresses in cast-in-situ materials with the specified reliability level.  However, in the accepted concepts for  calculating the strength and reliability of road pavements,  only the force effect is directly taken into account. To take into account environmental factors, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive indicator of the resulting impact of all factors. The paper presents a complex of factors influencing on traffic safety, road deformations and irregularities the height of unevenness, in particular, an increase in the dynamic impact on the road and the amplitude of vibration of a car wheel on a road with an uneven surface (when detached from the road surface), the coincidence of the vibration frequency of the car with the natural frequencies of vibration of the road surface, and as a consequence, on the behavioral features of driving. The arguments have been substantiated that the predictive models do not take into account a number of factors that have a significant impact on the formation of irreversible deformation in the layers of materials of road structures.

scholarly journals Taking the show on the road: In-situ clinical simulations’ role in promoting teamwork

2015 ◽  
pp. 425-435
Keyword(s):  
Generational Differences ◽  
Healthcare Team ◽  
Current Application ◽  
In Situ Simulation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Clinical Simulations ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Clinical simulations are designed to increase communication and experience among all members of the healthcare team in a low stakes environment. In this study we investigate the current application of in-situ simulation for training and educational purposes at the University of Virginia Health System. One factor we examined includes the impact of the level of fidelity of the simulator on clinician experience. We also looked at the ability to document the situation and if generational differences exist among participants that determine their engagement. We examined types of data collection and examine what data might be useful to collect to determine if simulation improves patient outcomes. We interviewed several facilitators of this approach to divine its applicability to staff education and the potential impact on patient safety. We discovered several key themes including: levels of fidelity, generational differences in acceptance of simulation, difficulties in documentation in the scenario, improvement in communication and the difficulties in quantifying success. Implications included that the level of fidelity is less important than ensuring that the level of fidelity used is matched to the educational objectives and that the scenario created be supported and realistic.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological Changes Associated With Self-Regulation of Sleepiness and Cessation From a Hazard Perception Task

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Watling ◽  
Simon S. Smith ◽  
Mark S. Horswill
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Driving Cessation ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
Simulated Driving ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
The Road ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The relationship between a driver’s ability to identify increasing sleepiness and ceasing driving when sleepy is relatively unexamined. Several studies suggest that drivers have some ability to identify increasing levels of sleepiness. However, whether that identification of sleepiness leads to drivers being able to self-regulate and cease driving has not been examined. This study assessed the capacity of drivers to identify sleepiness and to self-regulate their own simulated driving cessation. Twenty-six young adults completed a validated hazard perception simulated task when moderately sleep deprived after a 05:00 wakeup. Participants were instructed to stop driving if they thought they were too sleepy to drive safely on the road. Physiological (EEG, EOG, and ECG) and subjective (Karolinska Sleepiness scale) measures were used to examine self-regulation of simulated driving cessation. The behavioral validity of the participants’ subjective sleepiness was then examined with a 30 min nap opportunity. All participants ceased the task on average after approximately 40 min (range = 12.5–73 min). No participant was judged to have experienced any microsleeps or fallen asleep. Subjective sleepiness and EOG-based blink duration measures increased significantly from the beginning of the drive to the end of the simulated driving episodes. During the nap opportunity 23 of the 26 participants were able to achieve sleep onset. The results suggest that moderately sleep deprived individuals can identify increasing sleepiness and then take action to cease a hazard perception task. Potentially, on-road drivers could benefit from better elicitation of subjective sleepiness and their self-regulation of driving cessation.

Interoperability on the Road to Enhance Government-to-Business

2011 ◽  
pp. 3951-3969
Author(s):  
Giorgos Laskaridis ◽  
Penelope Markellou ◽  
Angeliki Panayiotaki ◽  
Athanasios Tsakalidis
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Public Sectors ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Web ◽  
The Way

This chapter is initiated by the continuously growing governments’ effort to transform their traditional profile to a digital one, worldwide, by adopting e-government models using the ICT and the Web. The chapter deals with interoperability, which appears as the mean for accomplishing the interlinking of information, systems, and applications, not only within governments, but also in their interaction with citizens, enterprises, and public sectors. The chapter highlights the critical issue of interoperability, investigating the way it can be incorporated into e-government domain in order to provide efficient and effective e-services. It also describes the issues, tasks, and steps that are connected with interoperability in the enterprise environment, introducing and analysing a generic interoperability platform (CCIGOV platform). Finally, it illustrates future trends in the field and, thus, suggests directions of future work/research.

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