scholarly journals A Reinforcement Learning Routing Protocol for UAV Aided Public Safety Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4121
Author(s):  
Hassan Ishtiaq Minhas ◽  
Rizwan Ahmad ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Maham Waheed ◽  
Muhammad Mahtab Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Multipath Routing ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Packets ◽  
Public Safety Networks

In Public Safety Networks (PSNs), the conservation of on-scene device energy is critical to ensure long term connectivity to first responders. Due to the limited transmit power, this connectivity can be ensured by enabling continuous cooperation among on-scene devices through multipath routing. In this paper, we present a Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle- (UAV) aided multipath routing scheme for PSNs. The aim is to increase network lifetime by improving the Energy Efficiency (EE) of the PSN. First, network configurations are generated by using different clustering schemes. The RL is then applied to configure the routing topology that considers both the immediate energy cost and the total distance cost of the transmission path. The performance of these schemes are analyzed in terms of throughput, energy consumption, number of dead nodes, delay, packet delivery ratio, number of cluster head changes, number of control packets, and EE. The results showed an improvement of approximately 42% in EE of the clustering scheme when compared with non-clustering schemes. Furthermore, the impact of UAV trajectory and the number of UAVs are jointly analyzed by considering various trajectory scenarios around the disaster area. The EE can be further improved by 27% using Two UAVs on Opposite Axis of the building and moving in the Opposite directions (TUOAO) when compared to a single UAV scheme. The result showed that although the number of control packets in both the single and two UAV scenarios are comparable, the total number of CH changes are significantly different.

scholarly journals Enabling Next-Generation Public Safety Operations with Mission-Critical Networks and Wearable Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5790
Author(s):  
Salwa Saafi ◽  
Jiri Hosek ◽  
Aneta Kolackova
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Mission Critical ◽  
Reliability Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Safety Networks

Public safety agencies have been working on the modernization of their communication networks and the enhancement of their mission-critical capabilities with novel technologies and applications. As part of these efforts, migrating from traditional land mobile radio (LMR) systems toward cellular-enabled, next-generation, mission-critical networks is at the top of these agencies’ agendas. In this paper, we provide an overview of cellular technologies ratified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to enable next-generation public safety networks. On top of using wireless communication technologies, emergency first responders need to be equipped with advanced devices to develop situational awareness. Therefore, we introduce the concept of the Internet of Life-Saving Things (IoLST) and focus on the role of wearable devices—more precisely, cellular-enabled wearables, in creating new solutions for enhanced public safety operations. Finally, we conduct a performance evaluation of wearable-based, mission-critical applications. So far, most of the mission-critical service evaluations target latency performance without taking into account reliability requirements. In our evaluation, we examine the impact of device- and application-related parameters on the latency and the reliability performance. We also identify major future considerations for better support of the studied requirements in next-generation public safety networks.

On the impact of clustering for Energy critical Public Safety Networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Ishtiaq Minhas ◽  
Rizwan Ahmad ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Mahtab Alam ◽  
Maurizio Magarani
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Safety Networks

Antecedents of collaboration and drivers of relational risk in public safety networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relational Risk ◽  
Desk Research ◽  
Relational Risks ◽  
Public Safety Networks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the inter-related impact of the antecedents of collaboration on the emergence of relational risk and the impact of relational risk on the effectiveness of collaboration in public safety networks (PSNs). Design/methodology/approach The research is based on desk research and a survey questionnaire. The analysis of the results was based on the modelling of structural equations. Findings The analyses indicate how the antecedents of collaboration influence relational risk in PSNs and the extent to which this risk, in turn, may affect the overall effectiveness of collaboration in the networks studied. The findings identify the antecedents that have the greatest impact on the emergence of relational risks, the drivers of relational risk in PSNs and the impact of the drivers of relational risk on collaboration in the networks. Originality/value The study of relational risk is rarely undertaken with little literature or research in the field of public safety. The added value is the identification of the causes of the relational risk among the antecedents of collaboration in PSNs and the analysis of the impact of this risk on the effectiveness of inter-organisational collaboration.

scholarly journals Interpretive structural modelling of inter-agency collaboration risk in public safety networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Structural Modelling ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Interpretive Structural Modelling ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Safety Networks

AbstractInter-agency collaboration is a well-established, yet very difficult process in public governance. Despite the fact that it is often unsuccessful, collaboration risk research is still undeveloped and the impact of this risk on the effectiveness of joint activities is still underestimated. This issue is of particular significance in public safety networks, where inter-agency collaboration processes are conducted under the conditions of the complexity and uncertainty. For this reason, the article is intended to: (1) identify factors of collaboration risk in public safety networks, (2) determine the impact of individual risk factors on inter-agency collaboration outcomes, (3) identify the relationship between risk factors of inter-agency collaboration in public safety networks, and (4) analyse the growth of this risk in public safety networks. These purposes were achieved using the Systematic Literature Review based on PRISMA Group methodology and Interpretive Structural Modelling together with MICMAC analysis. The applied research approach also has some limitations resulting from the number of experts. However, the results obtained allow us to better understand issues of inter-agency collaboration risk in public safety networks. They identify key collaboration risk factors, such as inappropriate collaboration rules and inadequate allocation of tasks and resources. In consequence, they indicate risk symptoms that are worth keeping track of in order to prevent collaboration ineffectiveness.

Relational behaviours and organisational capabilities in public safety networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Organisational Capabilities ◽  
Collaborative Performance ◽  
Path Modelling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Desk Research ◽  
Public Safety Networks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify correlations between relational behaviours and organisational capabilities in public safety networks and to investigate how do relational behaviours influence organisational capabilities in these networks. Design/methodology/approach The findings presented in this paper are based on data including: desk research and a survey questionnaire conducted in June 2016 with experts dealing with the issues of the public safety. The analysis of the results was based on a reflexive and formative approach, including the partial least squares path modelling method. Findings The relationships between relational behaviours and organisational capabilities in public safety networks are investigated and the path of building organisational capabilities in these networks is identified. As a result, it was found how to shape collaborative performance by using the impact of relational behaviours on the organisational capabilities in public safety networks. Originality/value The paper adds a new value to understanding of the impact of relationship behaviour on organisational capabilities in public safety networks, leading to collaborative performance. Its innovation results from using a reflective and formative approach, based on the modelling of structural equations, which allows identifying new issues or problems and examine the connections between them. The obtained results constitute a new insight on the formation of collaborative networks in public safety.

scholarly journals MIMO Relaying UAVs Operating in Public Safety Scenarios

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Joseanne Viana ◽  
Francisco Cercas ◽  
Américo Correia ◽  
Rui Dinis ◽  
Pedro Sebastião
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Total Transmission ◽  
Software Network ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Methods to implement communication in natural and humanmade disasters have been widely discussed in the scientific community. Scientists believe that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) relays will play a critical role in 5G public safety communications (PSC) due to their technical superiority. They have several significant advantages: a high degree of mobility, flexibility, exceptional line of sight, and real-time adaptative planning. For instance, cell edge coverage could be extended using relay UAVs. This paper summarizes the sidelink evolution in the 3GPP standardization associated with the usage of the device to device (D2D) techniques that use long term evolution (LTE) communication systems, potential extensions for 5G, and a study on the impact of circular mobility on relay UAVs using the software network simulator 3 (NS3). In this simulation, the transmitted packet percentage was evaluated where the speed of the UAV for users was changed. This paper also examines the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication applied to drones and proposes a new trajectory to assist users experiencing unfortunate circumstances. The overall communication is highly dependent on the drone speed and the use of MIMO and suitable antennas may influence overall transmission between users and the UAVs relay. When the UAVs relaying speed was configured at 108 km/h the total transmission rate was reduced to 55% in the group with 6 users allocated to each drone.

scholarly journals Emergency Communications Based on Throughput-Aware D2D Multicasting in 5G Public Safety Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjun Yin ◽  
Wenjing Li ◽  
Lei Feng ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
Xuesong Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Emergency Communications ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Heterogeneous Cloud ◽  
Public Safety Networks

Emergency communications need to meet the developing demand of equipment and the complex scenarios of network in public safety networks (PSNs). Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network (H-CRAN), an important technology of the 5th generation wireless systems (5G), plays an important role in PSN. H-CRAN has the features of resource sharing and centralized allocation which can make up for resource shortage in emergency communications. Therefore, an emergency communications strategy based on Device-to-device (D2D) multicast is proposed to make PSN more flexible and rapid. Nearby users can communicate directly without a base station through D2D. This strategy may guarantee high speed data transmission and stable continuous real-time communications. It is divided into three steps. Firstly, according to the distance between users, the alternative cluster head is divided. Secondly, two kinds of cluster head user selection schemes are developed. One is based on terminal power and the other is based on the number of extended users. Last but not least, the Hungarian Algorithm based on throughput-aware is used to channel multiplexing. The numerical results show that the proposed scheme can effectively extend the coverage of PSN and optimize the utilization of resources.

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

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