scholarly journals Physical Unclonable Function Based on the Internal State Transitions of a Fibonacci Ring Oscillator

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3920
Author(s):  
Łukasz Matuszewski ◽  
Jakub Nikonowicz ◽  
Paweł Kubczak ◽  
Wiktor Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Device Identification ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
New Class ◽  
Initial Sequence ◽  
Extraction Algorithm

This article introduces a new class of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) based on the Fibonacci ring oscillator (FIRO). The research conducted here proves that before reaching the desired randomness, the oscillator shows a certain degree of repeatability and uniqueness in the initial sequence of internal state transitions. The use of an FIRO in conjunction with the restart method makes it possible to obtain a set of short boot sequences, which are processed with an innovative feature extraction algorithm that enables reliable device identification. This approach ensures the reuse of the existing random number generator (RNG), rather than multiplying ring oscillators in a dedicated structure. Moreover, the algorithm for the recovery of the device key from the boot set can be successfully implemented in the authorizing center, thus significantly releasing the resources of authorized low-complexity devices. The proposed methodology provides an easily obtainable key with identifiability, which was proven experimentally on FPGAs from different manufacturers.

scholarly journals Consideration for Affects of an XOR in a Random Number Generator Using Ring Oscillators

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1168
Author(s):  
Ryoichi Sato ◽  
Yuta Kodera ◽  
Md. Arshad Ali ◽  
Takuya Kusaka ◽  
Yasuyuki Nogami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Number ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Ring Oscillators ◽  
Number Generator ◽  
Xor Gate ◽  
True Random Number Generator ◽  
Oscillator Circuits

A cloud service to offer entropy has been paid much attention to. As one of the entropy sources, a physical random number generator is used as a true random number generator, relying on its irreproducibility. This paper focuses on a physical random number generator using a field-programmable gate array as an entropy source by employing ring oscillator circuits as a representative true random number generator. This paper investigates the effects of an XOR gate in the oscillation circuit by observing the output signal period. It aims to reveal the relationship between inputs and the output through the XOR gate in the target generator. The authors conduct two experiments to consider the relevance. It is confirmed that combining two ring oscillators with an XOR gate increases the complexity of the output cycle. In addition, verification using state transitions showed that the probability of the state transitions was evenly distributed by increasing the number of ring oscillator circuits.

Proposal and Properties of Ring Oscillator-Based PUF on FPGA

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 1640016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Kodýtek ◽  
Róbert Lórencz
Keyword(s):  
Gray Code ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Device Identification ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Cryptographic Key Generation ◽  
Cryptographic Keys ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Cryptographic Key

This paper deals with design of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) based on field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The goal was to propose a cheap, efficient and secure device identification or even a cryptographic key generation based on PUFs. Therefore, a design of a ring oscillator (RO)-based PUF producing more output bits from each RO pair is presented. 24 Digilent Basys 2 FPGA boards (Spartan-3E) and 6 Digilent Nexys 3 FPGA boards (Spartan-6) were tested and statistically evaluated indicating suitability of the proposed design for device identification. A stable PUF output is required for generating cryptographic keys. As post-processing technique to further improve the efficiency of this PUF design, we used Gray code on the obtained bits from RO pairs. Ultimately, the PUF design is combined with error correction code and together with Gray code is able to generate cryptographic keys of sufficient length.

scholarly journals Deep PUF: A Highly Reliable DRAM PUF-Based Authentication for IoT Networks Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2009
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Najafi ◽  
Masoud Kaveh ◽  
Diego Martín ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mosavi
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Error Correction Codes ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Device Identification ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Server Side ◽  
Correction Technique ◽  
Reduction Methods

Traditional authentication techniques, such as cryptographic solutions, are vulnerable to various attacks occurring on session keys and data. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM)-based PUFs are introduced as promising security blocks to enable cryptography and authentication services. However, PUFs are often sensitive to internal and external noises, which cause reliability issues. The requirement of additional robustness and reliability leads to the involvement of error-reduction methods such as error correction codes (ECCs) and pre-selection schemes that cause considerable extra overheads. In this paper, we propose deep PUF: a deep convolutional neural network (CNN)-based scheme using the latency-based DRAM PUFs without the need for any additional error correction technique. The proposed framework provides a higher number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs) by eliminating the pre-selection and filtering mechanisms. The entire complexity of device identification is moved to the server side that enables the authentication of resource-constrained nodes. The experimental results from a 1Gb DDR3 show that the responses under varying conditions can be classified with at least a 94.9% accuracy rate by using CNN. After applying the proposed authentication steps to the classification results, we show that the probability of identification error can be drastically reduced, which leads to a highly reliable authentication.

scholarly journals Proof-of-PUF Enabled Blockchain: Concurrent Data and Device Security for Internet-of-Energy

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Rameez Asif ◽  
Kinan Ghanem ◽  
James Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Seamless Integration ◽  
Device Identification ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
History Of

A detailed review on the technological aspects of Blockchain and Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) is presented in this article. It stipulates an emerging concept of Blockchain that integrates hardware security primitives via PUFs to solve bandwidth, integration, scalability, latency, and energy requirements for the Internet-of-Energy (IoE) systems. This hybrid approach, hereinafter termed as PUFChain, provides device and data provenance which records data origins, history of data generation and processing, and clone-proof device identification and authentication, thus possible to track the sources and reasons of any cyber attack. In addition to this, we review the key areas of design, development, and implementation, which will give us the insight on seamless integration with legacy IoE systems, reliability, cyber resilience, and future research challenges.

scholarly journals Total Ionizing Dose Effects on a Delay-Based Physical Unclonable Function Implemented in FPGAs

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honorio Martin ◽  
Pedro Martin-Holgado ◽  
Yolanda Morilla ◽  
Luis Entrena ◽  
Enrique San-Millan
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Total Ionizing Dose ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Dose Effects ◽  
Total Ionizing Dose Effects

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware security primitives that are increasingly being used for authentication and key generation in ICs and FPGAs. For space systems, they are a promising approach to meet the needs for secure communications at low cost. To this purpose, it is essential to determine if they are reliable in the space radiation environment. In this work we evaluate the Total Ionizing Dose effects on a delay-based PUF implemented in SRAM-FPGA, namely a Ring Oscillator PUF. Several major quality metrics have been used to analyze the evolution of the PUF response with the total ionizing dose. Experimental results demonstrate that total ionizing dose has a perceptible effect on the quality of the PUF response, but it could still be used for space applications by making some appropriate corrections.

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