scholarly journals SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3839
Author(s):  
Federica Villa ◽  
Fabio Severini ◽  
Francesca Madonini ◽  
Franco Zappa
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Large Field ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Operation Speed

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illumination, are challenging requirements. In the introduction we review different 3D-ranging techniques (stereo-vision, projection with structured light, pulsed-LiDAR, amplitude-modulated continuous-wave LiDAR, frequency-modulated continuous-wave interferometry), illumination schemes (single point and blade scanning, flash-LiDAR) and time-resolved detectors for LiDAR (EM-CCD, I-CCD, APD, SPAD, SiPM). Then, we provide an extensive review of silicon- single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based LiDAR detectors (both commercial products and research prototypes) analyzing how each architecture faces the main challenges of LiDAR (i.e., long ranges, centimeter resolution, large field-of-view and high angular resolution, high operation speed, background immunity, eye-safety and multi-camera operation). Recent progresses in 3D stacking technologies provided an important step forward in SPAD array development, allowing to reach smaller pitch, higher pixel count and more complex processing electronics. In the conclusions, we provide some guidelines for the design of next generation SPAD-LiDAR detectors.

Single Point PICA Probing with an Avalanche Photo-Diode

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Bruce ◽  
Rama R. Goruganthu ◽  
Shawn McBride ◽  
David Bethke ◽  
J.M. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Photo Diode ◽  
Avalanche Photo Diode ◽  
Photo Multiplier Tube ◽  
Channel Plate

Abstract For time resolved hot carrier emission from the backside, an alternate approach is demonstrated termed single point PICA. The single point approach records time resolved emission from an individual transistor using time-correlated-single-photon counting and an avalanche photo-diode. The avalanche photo-diode has a much higher quantum efficiency than micro-channel plate photo-multiplier tube based imaging cameras typically used in earlier approaches. The basic system is described and demonstrated from the backside on a ring oscillator circuit.

scholarly journals Si photonic crystal optical antenna serial array and frequency-modulated continuous-wave light detection and ranging action

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 (23) ◽  
pp. 231103
Author(s):  
Ryo Tetsuya ◽  
Takemasa Tamanuki ◽  
Hiroyuki Ito ◽  
Hiroshi Abe ◽  
Ryo Kurahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Optical Antenna ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Continuous Wave Light

scholarly journals Pulse-resolved multi-photon X-ray detection at 31 MHz based on a quadrant avalanche photodiode

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Reusch ◽  
Markus Osterhoff ◽  
Johannes Agricola ◽  
Tim Salditt
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Photodiode ◽  
Single Photon Detection ◽  
Silicon Photodiode ◽  
Photon Detection ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
X Ray

The technical realisation and the commissioning experiments of a high-speed X-ray detector based on a quadrant avalanche silicon photodiode and high-speed digitizers are described. The development is driven by the need for X-ray detectors dedicated to time-resolved diffraction and imaging experiments, ideally requiring pulse-resolved data processing at the synchrotron bunch repetition rate. By a novel multi-photon detection scheme, the exact number of X-ray photons within each X-ray pulse can be recorded. Commissioning experiments at beamlines P08 and P10 of the storage ring PETRA III, at DESY, Hamburg, Germany, have been used to validate the pulse-wise multi-photon counting scheme at bunch frequencies ≥31 MHz, enabling pulse-by-pulse readout during the PETRA III 240-bunch mode with single-photon detection capability. An X-ray flux of ≥3.7 × 109 photons s−1can be detected while still resolving individual photons at low count rates.

Next-Generation Optical Probing Tools for Design Debug of High Speed Integrated Circuits

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lo ◽  
Kenneth Wilsher ◽  
Richard Malinsky ◽  
Nina Boiadjieva ◽  
Chun-Cheng Tsao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Single Photon Detector ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Optical Probing

Abstract Time-resolved photon emission (TRPE) results, obtained using a new superconducting, single-photon detector (SSPD) are reported. Detection efficiency (DE) for large area detectors has recently been improved by >100x without affecting SSPDs inherently low jitter (≈30 ps) and low dark-count rate (<30 s-1). TRPE measurements taken from a 0.13 μm geometry CMOS IC are presented. A single laser, time-differential probing scheme that is being investigated for next-generation laser voltage probing (LVP) is also discussed. This new scheme is designed to have shot-noise-limited performance, allowing signals as small as 100 parts-per-million (ppm) to be reliably measured.

scholarly journals Nanosecond resistive switching in Ag/AgI/PtIr nanojunctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Botond Sánta ◽  
Dániel Molnár ◽  
Patrick Haiber ◽  
Agnes Gubicza ◽  
Edit Szilágyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistive Switching ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Material System ◽  
Neuromorphic Circuits ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Memristive Behavior ◽  
Operation Speed ◽  
Duty Cycles

Nanometer-scale resistive switching devices operated in the metallic conductance regime offer ultimately scalable and widely reconfigurable hardware elements for novel in-memory and neuromorphic computing architectures. Moreover, they exhibit high operation speed at low power arising from the ease of the electric-field-driven redistribution of only a small amount of highly mobile ionic species upon resistive switching. We investigate the memristive behavior of a so-far less explored representative of this class, the Ag/AgI material system in a point contact arrangement established by the conducting PtIr tip of a scanning probe microscope. We demonstrate stable resistive switching duty cycles and investigate the dynamical aspects of non-volatile operation in detail. The high-speed switching capabilities are explored by a custom-designed microwave setup that enables time-resolved studies of subsequent set and reset transitions upon biasing the Ag/AgI/PtIr nanojunctions with sub-nanosecond voltage pulses. Our results demonstrate the potential of Ag-based filamentary memristive nanodevices to serve as the hardware elements in high-speed neuromorphic circuits.

A NOVEL APPARATUS FOR LASER-EXCITED TIME-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

2002 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 541-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PAOLICELLI ◽  
A. FONDACARO ◽  
A. RUOCCO ◽  
A. ATTILI ◽  
G. STEFANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Energy ◽  
Frequency Conversion ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Transmission Function ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
High Angular Resolution ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Edge Profile

A novel apparatus devoted to time-resolved photoemission experiments in the sub-picosecond regime will be presented. The system is composed of a Ti:sapphire laser source and a time of flight (TOF) electron energy analyzer mounted in a UHV experimental chamber. The laser source is characterized by a pulse duration of 150 fs at a wavelength of 790 nm (1.57 eV) and operates at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. To perform photoemission measurements, UV radiation up to 6.28 eV is produced with sequential steps of frequency conversion by employing crystals with a second order nonlinearity. Photoelectrons are collected by a TOF spectrometer designed to analyze electrons from tenths of eV up to 5 eV. It can be operated in two different angular resolution modes switching on and off an electrostatic collection optics: the high angular resolution mode (Δα = ±2.7°) and the low angular resolution mode (Δα = ±5.6°). Single photon photoemission spectra from the Ag(100) clean surface have been recorded at room temperature using the fourth harmonic light (λ = 200 nm and hν = 6.28 eV). The Fermi edge profile convoluted with a Gaussian-shaped energy transmission function of the TOF spectrometer sets an upper limit for the energy resolution which is about 65 meV (FWHM) at 2 eV of electron energy.

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