scholarly journals Variable Link Performance Due to Weather Effects in a Long-Range, Low-Power LoRa Sensor Network

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3128
Author(s):  
Thomas Ameloot ◽  
Patrick Van Torre ◽  
Hendrik Rogier
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Link Performance ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
Minimal Power Consumption ◽  
Seasonal Weather

When aiming for the wider deployment of low-power sensor networks, the use of sub-GHz frequency bands shows a lot of promise in terms of robustness and minimal power consumption. Yet, when deploying such sensor networks over larger areas, the link quality can be impacted by a host of factors. Therefore, this contribution demonstrates the performance of several links in a real-world, research-oriented sensor network deployed in a (sub)urban environment. Several link characteristics are presented and analysed, exposing frequent signal deterioration and, more rarely, signal strength enhancement along certain long-distance wireless links. A connection is made between received power levels and seasonal weather changes and events. The irregular link performance presented in this paper is found to be genuinely disruptive when pushing sensor-networks to their limits in terms of range and power use. This work aims to give an indication of the severity of these effects in order to enable the design of truly reliable sensor networks.

scholarly journals Trust-based energy-efficient routing protocol for Internet of things–based sensor networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 155014772096435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilyas ◽  
Zahid Ullah ◽  
Fakhri Alam Khan ◽  
Muhammad Hasanain Chaudary ◽  
Muhammad Sheraz Arshed Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Packet Latency

Internet of things grew swiftly and many services, software, sensors-embedded electronic devices and related protocols were developed and still in progress with full swing. Internet of things enabling physically existing things to see, hear, think and perform a notable task by allowing them to talk to each other and share useful information while making decision and caring-on/out their important tasks. Internet of things is greatly promoted by wireless sensor network as it becomes a perpetual layer for it. Wireless sensor network works as a base-stone for most of the Internet of things applications. There are severe general and specific threats and technical challenges to Internet of things–based sensor networks which must overcome to ensure adaptation and diffusion of it. Most of the limitations of wireless sensor networks are due to its resource constraint objects nature. The specified open research challenges in Internet of things–based sensor network are power consumption, network lifespan, network throughput, routing and network security. To overcome aforementioned problems, this work aimed to prolong network lifetime, improve throughput, decrease packet latency/packet loss and further improvise in encountering malicious nodes. To further tune the network lifetime in terms of energy, wireless harvesting energy is suggested in proposed three-layer cluster-based wireless sensor network routing protocol. The proposed mechanism is a three-tier clustering technique with implanted security mechanism to encounter malicious activities of sensor nodes and to slant them into blacklist. It is a centred-based clustering protocol, where selection of cluster head and grid head is carried out by sink node based on the value of its cost function. Moreover, hardware-based link quality estimators are used to check link effectiveness and to further improve routing efficiency. At the end, excessive experiments have been carried out to check efficacy of the proposed protocol. It outperforms most of its counterpart protocols such as fuzzy logic–based unequal clustering and ant colony optimization–based routing hybrid, Artificial Bee Colony-SD, enhanced three-layer hybrid clustering mechanism and energy aware multi-hop routing in terms of network lifetime, network throughput, average energy consumption and packet latency.

scholarly journals Taxonomy and Evaluations of Low-Power Listening Protocols for Machine-to-Machine Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-il Hwang ◽  
Sung-Hyun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Protocols ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Low Power Listening ◽  
Different Characteristics

Even though a lot of research has made significant contributions to advances in sensor networks, sensor network protocols, which have different characteristics according to the target application, might confuse machine-to-machine (M2M) network designers when they choose the protocol most suitable for their specific applications. Therefore, this paper provides a well-defined taxonomy of low-power listening protocols by examining in detail the existing low-power sensor network protocols and evaluation results. It will also be very useful for helping M2M designers understand specific features of low-power media access control protocols as they design new M2M networks.

scholarly journals TEI-DTA: Optimizing a Vehicular Sensor Network Operating with Ultra-Low Power System-on-Chips

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1789
Author(s):  
Seung-Yeong Lee ◽  
Jae-Hyoung Lee ◽  
Jiyoung Lee ◽  
Woojoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power System ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Embedded Devices ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Low Power System ◽  
Iot Devices

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), the interest and demand for embedded systems have been explosively increasing. In particular, vehicular sensor networks are one of the fields where IoT-oriented embedded devices (also known as IoT devices) are being actively used. These IoT devices are widely deployed in and out of the vehicle to check vehicle conditions, prevent accidents, and support autonomous driving, forming a vehicular sensor network. In particular, such sensor networks mainly consist of third-party devices that operate independently of the vehicle and run on their own batteries. After all, like all battery-powered embedded devices, the IoT devices for the vehicular sensor network also suffer from limited power sources, and thus research on how to design/operate them energy-efficiently is drawing attention from both academia and industry. This paper notes that the vehicular sensor network may be the best application for ultra-low power system on-chips (ULP SoCs). The ULP SoCs are mainly designed based on ultra-low voltage operating (ULV) circuits, and this paper aims to realize the energy-optimized driving of the network by applying state of the art (SoA) low-power techniques exploiting the unique characteristics of ULV circuits to the IoT devices in the vehicular sensor network. To this end, this paper proposes an optimal task assignment algorithm that can achieve the best energy-efficient drive of the target network by fully utilizing the SoA low power techniques for ULV circuits. Along with a detailed description of the proposed algorithm, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method by providing an in-depth evaluation process and experimental results for the proposed algorithm.

scholarly journals Application of Wireless Sensor Network based on LoRa in City Gas Meter Reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reading System

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">At present, the common meter reading method in gas meter reading system is manual. The meter reader enters the meter reading system to calculate the cost after getting the reading. This work is not only labour-intensive, but also inefficient. In addition, incorrect reading may occur due to human errors. With the development of the wireless communication technology, a wireless communication technology named LoRa for long-distance and low-power-consumption devices appeared. LoRa is a wireless communication technology with long transmission distance, low power consumption, low transmission speed, low complexity and low cost. It is mainly used in automatic control and internet of things. Through the comparison and analysis of several wireless communication technologies, a gas meter reading platform based on LoRa spread spectrum and wireless sensors is proposed. First of all, this paper briefly introduces the LoRa wireless communication technology and machine vision technology. Secondly, it gives a detailed introduction to the overall design of the system which includes system architecture design, information acquisition terminal, image acquisition module and wireless sensor module. Finally, an experiment is carried out in a residential area. The results show that the gas meter reading platform based on LoRa and wireless sensor network has a high practical value.</span>

PLANTENNA: 3D-sensor networks monitoring plant environment. An application for fruit frost protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis ◽  
Bas Van de Wiel ◽  
Qinwen Fan ◽  
Peter Steeneken
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Subzero Temperature ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Sleep Mode ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Long Distance

&lt;p&gt;Environmental field conditions are highly variable in three-dimensions and unsuitable to be probed by a single sensor or weather station. In PLANTENNA, a team of electronics, precision and microsystems engineers and plant and environmental scientists collaborate to develop and implement 3D-sensor networks that measure plant and environmental parameters at high resolution and low cost. A first problem we aim to tackle in the field is 3D-monitoring of fruit farms for detection and mitigation of fruit frost damage. The objectives are two-fold:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- To quantify the time-dependent effects of frost mitigation measures on the 3D temperature profile, and to determine the resulting plant-physiological response to get a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to frost damage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- To develop low-cost, low power, wireless, distributed sensor networks, with automated mathematical data handling to give real-time visualization of subzero temperature regions as decision support system for the farmer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Field implementation: A fruit farm will be equipped with optical fibre cables for Distributed Temperature Sensing, along horizontal and vertical profiles in the field. This will reveal how cooling penetrates the canopy as a function of time, and how this is influenced by changing atmospheric conditions and mitigation efforts. Detailed temperature monitoring is related to spatio-temporal physiological monitoring at the level of individual trees.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a next step, the cables will be replaced by a 3D-network of&amp;#160; temperature sensors. The aim is to develop an accurate (&amp;#177;0.5&amp;#176;C accuracy with a resolution &lt;&lt; 0.1&amp;#176;C), low cost sensor with ultra-low power consumption (~ 100 nW). The sensor is based on a PCB-based node that consists of a PV module to collect solar energy, a power management integrated circuit (PMIC), a supercapacitor to store energy, a temperature sensor, a microcontroller (&amp;#181;C), a timing control unit (TCU) to enable/disable the system, and a radio frequency IC (RFIC) + antenna to transmit data to the network. To reduce energy consumption, it should operate in low-power &amp;#8220;sleep mode&amp;#8221; as much as possible, while still being able to capture sudden temperature changes as by ventilator activation: the sensor must decide when to &amp;#8220;wake up&amp;#8221; and how frequently to measure. The often &amp;#8220;power-hungry&amp;#8221; MCU and RF radio should operate in an event-driven mode and only &amp;#8220;awakened&amp;#8221; when the sensor detects a temperature change above a certain threshold.&lt;br&gt;We chose LoRa for its low power consumption and long-distance capability, which is a perfect match with our application.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Hybrid Cross Layer Fault Resilient Energy Efficient Data Transmission for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2998-3004
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Forwarding Node ◽  
Efficient Data

Under water acoustic sensor network is the unique case of wireless sensor network in which the physical characteristics limits the capability of sensor network due to various problems like Doppler-spreads, medium significnt delay, Double-side spreading, limited bandwidth and frequencyselective fading. Ensuring QOS is very challenging problem in acoustic sensor networks. In this work, a QOS centric hybrid routing protocol with consideration of fault resilience is proposed. The solution use the parameters of the network at all Application Layer, Network Layer, MAC Layer, and PHY Layer, which are the different layers of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack, thus calculating Node selection score which helps in identifying the best forwarding node for a constrained reliable data transmission. The solution involves dynamic link quality estimation, congestion awareness, packet injection ratio estimation and physical switching that cumulatively ensures fault-resilient and QoS delivery over acoustic sensor network.

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