scholarly journals A Pixel Design of a Branching Ultra-Highspeed Image Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hoai Ngo ◽  
Kazuhiro Shimonomura ◽  
Taeko Ando ◽  
Takayoshi Shimura ◽  
Heiji Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Sensor ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Memory Element ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Readout Circuits ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Very High

A burst image sensor named Hanabi, meaning fireworks in Japanese, includes a branching CCD and multiple CMOS readout circuits. The sensor is backside-illuminated with a light/charge guide pipe to minimize the temporal resolution by suppressing the horizontal motion of signal carriers. On the front side, the pixel has a guide gate at the center, branching to six first-branching gates, each bifurcating to second-branching gates, and finally connected to 12 (=6×2) floating diffusions. The signals are either read out after an image capture operation to replay 12 to 48 consecutive images, or continuously transferred to a memory chip stacked on the front side of the sensor chip and converted to digital signals. A CCD burst image sensor enables a noiseless signal transfer from a photodiode to the in-situ storage even at very high frame rates. However, the pixel count conflicts with the frame count due to the large pixel size for the relatively large in-pixel CCD memory elements. A CMOS burst image sensor can use small trench-type capacitors for memory elements, instead of CCD channels. However, the transfer noise from a floating diffusion to the memory element increases in proportion to the square root of the frame rate. The Hanabi chip overcomes the compromise between these pros and cons.

360×360 element three-phase very high frame rate burst image sensor: design, operation and performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1617-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.F. Kosonocky ◽  
G. Yang ◽  
R.K. Kabra ◽  
C. Ye ◽  
Z. Pektas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Sensor ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Sensor Design ◽  
High Frame Rate ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Very High

scholarly journals An Image Signal Accumulation Multi-Collection-Gate Image Sensor Operating at 25 Mfps with 32 × 32 Pixels and 1220 In-Pixel Frame Memory

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Dao ◽  
Nguyen Ngo ◽  
Anh Nguyen ◽  
Kazuhiro Morimoto ◽  
Kazuhiro Shimonomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Memory Unit ◽  
Large Memory ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Weak Light ◽  
Very High

The paper presents an ultra-high-speed image sensor for motion pictures of reproducible events emitting very weak light. The sensor is backside-illuminated. Each pixel is equipped with the multiple collection gates (MCG) at the center of the front side. Each collection gate is connected to an in-pixel large memory unit, which can accumulate image signals captured by repetitive imaging. The combination of the backside illumination, image signal accumulation, and slow readout from the in-pixel signal storage after an image capturing operation offers a very high sensitivity. Pipeline signal transfer from the MCG to the in-pixel memory units enables the sensor to achieve a large frame count and a very high frame rate at the same time. A test sensor was fabricated with a pixel count of 32 × 32 pixels. Each pixel is equipped with four collection gates, each connected to a memory unit with 305 elements; thus, with a total frame count of 1220 (305 × 4) frames. The test camera achieved 25 Mfps, while the sensor was designed to operate at 50 Mfps.

Very-High Frame-Rate Burst-Image Sensor

1998 ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Walter F. Kosonocky ◽  
Guang Yang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Rakesh K. Kabra ◽  
Liansheng Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Sensor ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
High Frame Rate ◽  
Very High

Measurement of regional pulse wave velocity using very high frame rate ultrasound

Choonpa Igaku ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-709
Author(s):  
Hideyuki HASEGAWA ◽  
Kazue HONGO ◽  
Hiroshi KANAI
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
High Frame Rate ◽  
Very High

scholarly journals Critical Dynamics of Defects and Mechanisms of Damage-Failure Transitions in Fatigue

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2554
Author(s):  
Oleg Naimark ◽  
Vladimir Oborin ◽  
Mikhail Bannikov ◽  
Dmitry Ledon
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Preliminary Deformation ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Fish Eye ◽  
Very High

An experimental methodology was developed for estimating a very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) life of the aluminum alloy AMG-6 subjected to preliminary deformation. The analysis of fatigue damage staging is based on the measurement of elastic modulus decrement according to “in situ” data of nonlinear dynamics of free-end specimen vibrations at the VHCF test. The correlation of fatigue damage staging and fracture surface morphology was studied to establish the scaling properties and kinetic equations for damage localization, “fish-eye” nucleation, and transition to the Paris crack kinetics. These equations, based on empirical parameters related to the structure of the material, allows us to estimate the number of cycles for the nucleation and advance of fatigue crack.

scholarly journals Influence of Hydrogeochemistry on Tunnel Drainage in Evaporitic Formations: El Regajal Tunnel Case Study (Aranjuez, Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Ignacio Menéndez Pidal ◽  
Jose Antonio Mancebo Piqueras ◽  
Eugenio Sanz Pérez ◽  
Clemente Sáenz Sanz
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Underground Flow ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Many of the large number of underground works constructed or under construction in recent years are in unfavorable terrains facing unusual situations and construction conditions. This is the case of the subject under study in this paper: a tunnel excavated in evaporitic rocks that experienced significant karstification problems very quickly over time. As a result of this situation, the causes that may underlie this rapid karstification are investigated and a novel methodology is presented in civil engineering where the use of saturation indices for the different mineral specimens present has been crucial. The drainage of the rock massif of El Regajal (Madrid-Toledo, Spain, in the Madrid-Valencia high-speed train line) was studied and permitted the in-situ study of the hydrogeochemical evolution of water flow in the Miocene evaporitic materials of the Tajo Basin as a full-scale testing laboratory, that are conforms as a whole, a single aquifer. The work provides a novel methodology based on the calculation of activities through the hydrogeochemical study of water samples in different piezometers, estimating the saturation index of different saline materials and the dissolution capacity of the brine, which is surprisingly very high despite the high electrical conductivity. The circulating brine appears unsaturated with respect to thenardite, mirabilite, epsomite, glauberite, and halite. The alteration of the underground flow and the consequent renewal of the water of the aquifer by the infiltration water of rain and irrigation is the cause of the hydrogeochemical imbalance and the modification of the characteristics of the massif. These modifications include very important loss of material by dissolution, altering the resistance of the terrain and the increase of the porosity. Simultaneously, different expansive and recrystallization processes that decrease the porosity of the massif were identified in the present work. The hydrogeochemical study allows the evolution of these phenomena to be followed over time, and this, in turn, may facilitate the implementation of preventive works in civil engineering.

scholarly journals On-CMOS Image Sensor Processing for Lane Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3713
Author(s):  
Soyeon Lee ◽  
Bohyeok Jeong ◽  
Keunyeol Park ◽  
Minkyu Song ◽  
Soo Youn Kim
Keyword(s):  
Edge Detection ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cmos Image Sensor ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Lane Detection ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Total Power Consumption

This paper presents a CMOS image sensor (CIS) with built-in lane detection computing circuits for automotive applications. We propose on-CIS processing with an edge detection mask used in the readout circuit of the conventional CIS structure for high-speed lane detection. Furthermore, the edge detection mask can detect the edges of slanting lanes to improve accuracy. A prototype of the proposed CIS was fabricated using a 110 nm CIS process. It has an image resolution of 160 (H) × 120 (V) and a frame rate of 113, and it occupies an area of 5900 μm × 5240 μm. A comparison of its lane detection accuracy with that of existing edge detection algorithms shows that it achieves an acceptable accuracy. Moreover, the total power consumption of the proposed CIS is 9.7 mW at pixel, analog, and digital supply voltages of 3.3, 3.3, and 1.5 V, respectively.

High-speed CMOS image sensor circuits with in situ frame storage

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1648-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kleinfelder ◽  
Yandong Chen ◽  
K. Kwiatkowski ◽  
A. Shah
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Cmos Image Sensor ◽  
Image Sensor

Investigation of Emulsion Flow in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C.. C. Ezeuko ◽  
J.. Wang ◽  
I.D.. D. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gravity Drainage ◽  
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ◽  
Emulsion Flow ◽  
Very High ◽  
Effective Representation

Summary We present a numerical simulation approach that allows incorporation of emulsion modeling into steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) simulations with commercial reservoir simulators by means of a two-stage pseudochemical reaction. Numerical simulation results show excellent agreement with experimental data for low-pressure SAGD, accounting for approximately 24% deficiency in simulated oil recovery, compared with experimental data. Incorporating viscosity alteration, multiphase effect, and enthalpy of emulsification appears sufficient for effective representation of in-situ emulsion physics during SAGD in very-high-permeability systems. We observed that multiphase effects appear to dominate the viscosity effect of emulsion flow under SAGD conditions of heavy-oil (bitumen) recovery. Results also show that in-situ emulsification may play a vital role within the reservoir during SAGD, increasing bitumen mobility and thereby decreasing cumulative steam/oil ratio (cSOR). Results from this work extend understanding of SAGD by examining its performance in the presence of in-situ emulsification and associated flow of emulsion with bitumen in porous media.

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