scholarly journals A Method to Compensate for the Errors Caused by Temperature in Structured-Light 3D Cameras

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2073
Author(s):  
Oriol Vila ◽  
Imma Boada ◽  
David Raba ◽  
Esteve Farres

Although low cost red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D) cameras are factory calibrated, to meet the accuracy requirements needed in many industrial applications proper calibration strategies have to be applied. Generally, these strategies do not consider the effect of temperature on the camera measurements. The aim of this paper is to evaluate this effect considering an Orbbec Astra camera. To analyze this camera performance, an experimental study in a thermal chamber has been carried out. From this experiment, it has been seen that produced errors can be modeled as an hyperbolic paraboloid function. To compensate for this error, a two-step method that first computes the error and then corrects it has been proposed. To compute the error two possible strategies are proposed, one based on the infrared distortion map and the other on the depth map. The proposed method has been tested in an experimental scenario with different Orbbec Astra cameras and also in a real environment. In both cases, its good performance has been demonstrated. In addition, the method has been compared with the Kinect v1 achieving similar results. Therefore, the proposed method corrects the error due to temperature, is simple, requires a low computational cost and might be applicable to other similar cameras.

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5038
Author(s):  
Kosuke Shima ◽  
Masahiro Yamaguchi ◽  
Takumi Yoshida ◽  
Takanobu Otsuka

IoT-based measurement systems for manufacturing have been widely implemented. As components that can be implemented at low cost, BLE beacons have been used in several systems developed in previous research. In this work, we focus on the Kanban system, which is a measure used in manufacturing strategy. The Kanban system emphasizes inventory management and is used to produce only required amounts. In the Kanban system, the Kanban cards are rotated through the factory along with the products, and when the products change to a different process route, the Kanban card is removed from the products and the products are assigned to another Kanban. For this reason, a single Kanban cannot trace products from plan to completion. In this work, we propose a system that uses a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacon to connect Kanbans in different routes but assigned to the same products. The proposed method estimates the beacon status of whether the Kanban is inside or outside a postbox, which can then be computed by a micro controller at low computational cost. In addition, the system connects the Kanbans using the beacons as paired connection targets. In an experiment, we confirmed that the system connected 70% of the beacons accurately. We also confirmed that the system could connect the Kanbans at a small implementation cost.


Author(s):  
Aldo Roberto Cruces Girón ◽  
Fabrício Nogueira Corrêa ◽  
Breno Pinheiro Jacob

Analysis techniques and numerical formulations are available in a variety for mooring and riser designers. They are applied in the different stages of the design processes of floating production systems (FPS) by taking advantage of both the accuracy of results and the computational costs. In early design stages, the low computational cost is more valued with the aim of obtaining fast results and taking decisions. So in these stages it is common to use uncoupled analysis. On the other hand, in more advanced design stages, the accuracy of results is more valued, for which the use of coupled analysis is adequate. However, it can lead to excessive computing times. To overcome such high computational costs, new formulations have been proposed with the aim of obtaining results similar to a coupled analysis, but with low computational costs. One of these formulations is referred as the semi-coupled scheme (S-C). Its main characteristic is that it combines the advantages of uncoupled and coupled analysis techniques. In this way, analyses can be performed with very fast execution times and results are superior to those obtained by the classical uncoupled analysis. This work presents an evaluation of the S-C scheme. The evaluation is made by comparing their results with the results of coupled analyses. Both type of analysis were applied in a representative deep water platform. The results show that the S-C scheme have the potentially to provide results with appropriate precision with very low computational times. In this way, the S-C scheme represents an attractive procedure to be applied in early and intermediate stages of the design process of FPS.


2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Boncinelli ◽  
Filippo Rubechini ◽  
Andrea Arnone ◽  
Massimiliano Cecconi ◽  
Carlo Cortese

A numerical model was included in a three-dimensional viscous solver to account for real gas effects in the compressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The behavior of real gases is reproduced by using gas property tables. The method consists of a local fitting of gas data to provide the thermodynamic property required by the solver in each solution step. This approach presents several characteristics which make it attractive as a design tool for industrial applications. First of all, the implementation of the method in the solver is simple and straightforward, since it does not require relevant changes in the solver structure. Moreover, it is based on a low-computational-cost algorithm, which prevents a considerable increase in the overall computational time. Finally, the approach is completely general, since it allows one to handle any type of gas, gas mixture or steam over a wide operative range. In this work a detailed description of the model is provided. In addition, some examples are presented in which the model is applied to the thermo-fluid-dynamic analysis of industrial turbomachines.


2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Michail ◽  
Kyriakos M. Deliparaschos ◽  
Spyros G. Tzafestas ◽  
Argyrios C. Zolotas

Author(s):  
Behzad Parsi ◽  
Lihong Zhang

Based on the International Electrotechnical Commission standards, the electronic devices in the industrial class (e.g., integrated circuits or batteries) can only operate at the ambient temperature between -40°C and 85°C. For the human-involved regions in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Antarctica, extreme cold condition as low as -55°C might affect sensing electronic devices utilized in the scientific or industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a design and optimization methodology for the self-heating portable enclosures, which can warm up the inner space from -55°C for encasing the low-cost industrial-class electronic devices instead of expensive military-class ones to work reliably within their allowed operating temperature limit. Among the other options, ceramic thermal resistors are selected as the heating elements inside the enclosure. The placement of the thermal resistors is studied with the aid of thermal modelling for the single heating device by using the curve fitting technique to achieve uniform temperature distribution within the enclosure. To maintain the inner temperature above -40°C but with the least power consumption from the thermal resistors, we have developed a control system based on the fuzzy logic controller. For validation, we have utilized COMSOL Multiphysics software and then one prototyped enclosure along with the fuzzy control system. Our experimental measurement exhibits its efficacy compared to the other design options.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Jairo Andrés Gutiérrez Suárez ◽  
Alexánder Gómez Mejía ◽  
Carlos Humberto Galeano Urueña

Spray drying is one of many industrial applications that use annular swirling jets. For this particular application, the flow characteristics in the near-field of the jet are fundamental to obtaining high-quality dried products. In this article, an annular swirling jet configuration is numerically studied using three low-cost eddy-resolving turbulence methods: detached-eddy simulation (DES), delayed-DES (DDES) and scale-adaptive simulation (SAS). To focus in industrial applicability, very coarse grids are used. The individual performance of these models is assessed through a comparison with laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements and large-eddy simulation (LES) data from available studies. Results show that all the three turbulence models are suitable for performing industrial cost-effective simulations, capable of reproducing LES results of mean velocities and first-order turbulence statistics at a fraction of the computational cost. Differences in the results of the evaluated models were minor; however, the simulation with DDES still provided a better reproduction of experimental results, especially in the very-near field of the jet, as it enforced RANS behavior near the inlet walls and a better transition from modeled to resolved scales.


Axioms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Pavel Rajmic ◽  
Pavel Záviška ◽  
Vítězslav Veselý ◽  
Ondřej Mokrý

In convex optimization, it is often inevitable to work with projectors onto convex sets composed with a linear operator. Such a need arises from both the theory and applications, with signal processing being a prominent and broad field where convex optimization has been used recently. In this article, a novel projector is presented, which generalizes previous results in that it admits to work with a broader family of linear transforms when compared with the state of the art but, on the other hand, it is limited to box-type convex sets in the transformed domain. The new projector is described by an explicit formula, which makes it simple to implement and requires a low computational cost. The projector is interpreted within the framework of the so-called proximal splitting theory. The convenience of the new projector is demonstrated on an example from signal processing, where it was possible to speed up the convergence of a signal declipping algorithm by a factor of more than two.


2015 ◽  
Vol 651-653 ◽  
pp. 919-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui M.F. Paulo ◽  
Pierpaolo Carlone ◽  
Robertt A.F. Valente ◽  
Filipe Teixeira-Dias ◽  
Gaetano S. Palazzo

The main objective of the present work is to assess the influence of several parameters relevant for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in modelling Friction Stir Welding (FSW) processes on AA2024-T3 plates. Several tests were performed including variations on the type of shell elements, number of integration points across thickness direction and mesh refinement levels, aiming for good accuracy and low computational cost. On the one hand, several setups of the mechanical boundary conditions, modelling the clamping systems, were also tested, leading to the conclusion that the results, in terms of longitudinal residual stresses, are significantly affected by this factor. On the other hand, variations on the heat input distribution showed a reduced effect, or almost null, on the final results.


2020 ◽  
pp. 28-33

Efecto de la temperatura en multicapas de grafeno usando espectroscopia Raman y equipo de bajo costo Luis G. Hardt1, Juliana B. Rodrigues1, Dionathan A. Campanelli1, Lizandro B. R. Zegarra2, José, W. Kaehler1, Jacson W. Menezes1, Luis E. G. Armas1 1 Universidade Federal do Pampa-Campus Alegrete, Av. Tiarajú 810- Bairro Ibirapuitã, Alegrete-RS, Brasil 2 Universidad Nacional del Santa-UNS, Av. Pacífico 508-Nuevo Chimbote, Chimbote, Perú Recibido el 15 de noviembre del 2019. Aceptado el 3 de marzo del 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2020.0005/ Resumen Propiedades térmicas de materiales bidimensionales tal como monocapas o multicapas de grafeno han atraído una atención especial, debido a que son excelentes conductores térmicos y sus propiedades térmicas han atraído una atención en particular [1, 2]. En este sentido, en este trabajo se reporta el efecto de la temperatura en las bandas G (~1580 cm-1), 2D (~2700 cm-1) y 2D’ (~3244 cm-1) de los espectros Raman de multicapas de grafeno (MLG) usando espectroscopia Raman y un dispositivo de temperatura de bajo costo. Para esta finalidad las muestras de grafeno fueron depositadas sobre substratos de SiO2 usando el método de exfoliación micro mecánica, en tanto que, el dispositivo de temperatura de bajo costo fue construido usando una fuente reguladora de voltaje y corriente, una resistencia de nicrom, la cual fue colocada sobre una base aislante, acoplada a la base del microscopio Raman. La temperatura en las muestras fue aumentada, en diferentes intervalos, desde la temperatura ambiente (~25 oC) hasta 535 oC, siendo medida en tiempo real usando una cámara térmica. Resultados de este trabajo muestran, que a medida que la temperatura aumenta, la posición de las bandas G (Pos(G)), 2D (Pos (2D)) y 2D’ (Pos (2D’)) son desplazadas a menores números de onda, mostrando un comportamiento no linear. De forma semejante también fue observado un aumento de la anchura a media altura (FWHM) de las bandas G, 2D y 2D’. Estos desplazamientos son explicados en términos de la interacción electrón – fonón y fonón – fonón [3, 4]. Al mismo tiempo, con este trabajo se muestra que usando equipos de bajo costo es posible obtener mejores o iguales resultados a los obtenidos de costo elevado, y serían de grande utilidad para comprender las propiedades térmicas y los mecanismos físicos relacionados con multicapas de grafeno para aplicaciones de dispositivos térmicos que operen a temperatura ambiente. Descriptores: grafeno, temperatura, espectroscopia Raman, propiedades anarmónicas, fonones Abstract Thermal properties of two-dimensional materials such as monolayers or multilayers of graphene have attracted special attention, because they are excellent thermal conductors and their thermal properties have attracted a particular attention [1, 2]. In this sense, in this work the effect of temperature on the G (~ 1580 cm-1), 2D (~ 2700 cm-1) and 2D '(~ 3244 cm-1) bands of multilayer graphene (MLG) is reported using Raman spectroscopy and a low cost temperature device. For this purpose the graphene samples were deposited on SiO2 substrates using the micro-mechanical exfoliation method, while the low-cost temperature device was constructed using a voltage and current regulator source, a microm resistance, which it was placed on an insulating base, coupled to the base of the Raman microscope. The temperature on the samples was increased, at different intervals, from room temperature (~ 25 oC) to 535 oC, being measured in real time using a thermal chamber. Results of this work show that, as the temperature increases, the position of the G (Pos (G)), 2D (Pos (2D)) and 2D '(Pos (2D')) bands are shifted to smaller wavenumbers, showing a non-linear behavior. Similarly, an increase in the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the G, 2D and 2D’ bands was also observed. These displacements are explained in terms of the electron - phonon and phonon - phonon interactions [3, 4]. At the same time, this work shows that using low-cost equipment it is possible to obtain better or equal results than those obtained at high cost, and would be of great utility to understand the thermal properties and physical mechanisms related to graphene multilayers for applications as thermal devices operating at room temperature.


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