scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Network with an Unequal Clustering Protocol Based on a Balanced Energy Method (EEUCB)

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Jasim ◽  
Mohd Yamani Idna Idris ◽  
Saaidal Razalli Bin Azzuhri ◽  
Noor Riyadh Issa ◽  
Muhammad Towfiqur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Method ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Rotation Strategy

A hot spot problem is a problem where cluster nodes near to the base station (BS) tend to drain their energy much faster than other nodes due to the need to perform more communication. Unequal clustering methods such as unequal clustering routing (UDCH) and energy-efficient fuzzy logic for unequal clustering (EEFUC) have been proposed to address this problem. However, these methods only concentrate on utilizing residual energy and the distance of sensor nodes to the base station, while limited attention is given to enhancing the data transmission process. Therefore, this paper proposes an energy-efficient unequal clustering scheme based on a balanced energy method (EEUCB) that utilizes minimum and maximum distance to reduce energy wastage. Apart from that, the proposed EEUCB also utilizes the maximum capacity of node energy and double cluster head technique with a sleep-awake mechanism. Furthermore, EEUCB has devised a clustering rotation strategy based on two sub-phases, namely intra- and inter-clustering techniques, that considers the average energy threshold, average distance threshold, and BS layering node. The performance of the proposed EEUCB protocol is then compared with various prior techniques. From the result, it can be observed that the proposed EEUCB protocol shows lifetime improvements of 57.75%, 19.63%, 14.7%, and 13.06% against low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), factor-based LEACH FLEACH, EEFUC, and UDCH, respectively.

scholarly journals Investigation of energy efficient protocols based on stable clustering for enhancing lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2643-2651
Author(s):  
Noor Alhuda F. Abbas ◽  
Jaber H. Majeed ◽  
Waleed Khalid Al-Azzawi ◽  
Adnan Hussein Ali
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Energy Balancing ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

There are certain challenges faced with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) performances, consumption can be seen amongst all these challenges as a serious area of research. Data from sensor nodes are transmitted by most WSN energy either among many nodes or to the base station (BS), and due this connection, several routing protocols were developed for supporting in data transmission in the WSNs. Extending network lifetime in an operational environment is the major objective of the wireless sensor network. Charging or exchanging sensor node batteries is almost impossible. Energy balancing and energy efficiency are significant research scopes as per designing of routing protocols aimed at self-organized WSNs. A heterogeneous WSN is one where every node has different amount of energy linked to it before it is deployed in a network. Therefore, different energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed which enables lesser consumption of energy, longer stability period which leads to the network lifetime increasing. In this study, the average energy of a WSN is computed after every logical round of operation for our protocol-HPEEA and compare it with two well-known heterogeneous protocols namely-SEP and CCS. At the end of the considered number of logical operations, MATLAB with simulation results confirm that HPEEA protocol have a reduction in the energy consumption compared to other protocols.

scholarly journals REGION BASED CLUSTERING FOR DATA COLLECTION IN WSN

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 6913-6919
Author(s):  
Ramandeep Kaur ◽  
Dinesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Cluster Head Selection ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Improved Performance

The lower cost and easier installation of the WSNs than the wired counterpart pushes industry and academia to pay more attention to this promising technology. Large scale networks of small energy-constrained sensor nodes require techniques and protocols which are scalable, robust, and energy-efficient. The most efficient approach provided by clustering the nodes is hierarchy. The one node will send the data to another node and the another node will send to its neightbouring node. In smart cities, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) act as a type of core infrastructure that collects data from the city to implement smart services. Our thesis work included the region based clustering, cluster head selection and energy efficient communication using static base station and movable mobile nodes. Since it was earlier proposed that clustering improves the network lifetime. We modified the region based clustering by dividing the network area into n regions with cluster head chosen for each region and proposed a new method for cluster head selection having less computational complexity. It was also found that the modified approach has improved performance to that of the other clustering approaches. We have used the mobile nodes for each section with controlled trajectory path as a reference to compare the performance of each of the clustering methods.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering Routing Algorithm for WSNs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5540-5548
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Energy Balancing ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
New Energy

Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) are used to monitor the environment where the networks are deployed. The Lifetime of WSNs can be increased by energy-efficient or energy balancing algorithms. Balanced energy consumption among all nodes is the main issue. In this paper, a new energy-efficient unequal clustering routing protocol (EEUCR) has been presented. In this protocol, the area of the network is divided into the number of rings of unequal size and each ring is further divided into a number of clusters. Rings nearer to the base station(BS) have a smaller area and the area of rings keeps on increasing as the distance from BS increases. This helps to balance the energy consumption among the sensor nodes. The nodes with heterogeneous energy are deployed in the network. Nodes nearer to the base station have higher energy as compared to farther nodes. Static clustering is used but cluster heads(CHs) are not fixed and are elected on the basis of the remaining energy of the sensor node. Simulation results are compared with existing protocols and show improvement in energy consumption, which, in turn, increases the network lifetime of WSN and also balance the energy consumption of sensor node

scholarly journals Enhancing Packet Delivery Ratio and a lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks using Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering Routing Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 376-382
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Packet Delivery

Sensors are regarded as significant components of electronic devices. The sensor nodes deployed with limited resources, such as the power of battery inserted in the sensor nodes. So the lifetime of wireless sensor networks(WSNs) can be increased by using the energy of the sensor nodes in an efficient way. A major part of energy is consumed during the communication of data. Also, the growing demand for usage of wireless sensors applications in different aspects makes the quality-of-service(QoS) to be one of the paramount issues in wireless sensors applications. QoS guarantee in WSNs is difficult and more challenging due to the fact that the sensors have limited resources and the various applications running over these networks have different constraints in their nature and requirements. The packet delivery ratio(PDR) is a major factor of QoS. To achieve high QoS the packet delivery ratio should be maximum. The energy-efficient unequal clustering routing protocol (EEUCR) is evaluated and results show that it enhances the packet delivery ratio(PDR) and a lifetime of WSNs. In this protocol, the area of the network is divided into a number of rings of unequal size and each ring is further divided into a number of clusters. Rings nearer to the base station(BS) have smaller area and area of rings keeps on increasing as the distance from BS increases for balanced energy consumption. The nodes with heterogeneous energy are deployed in the network. Nodes nearer to the base station have higher energy as compared to farther nodes. Static clustering is used but cluster heads(CHs) are not fixed and are elected on the basis of remaining energy. This helps to increase lifetime of EEUCR. PDR of EEUCR is improved because multiple rings help to find better route which further aids to ensure safe reception of packets at the destination. Simulation results are compared with existing protocols and show that this algorithm gives better results.

Mitigating Hot Spot Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks using Political Optimizer Based Unequal Clustering Technique

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Sahil Verm ◽  
◽  
Sanjukta Gain ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Hot Spot Problem

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) encompasses a set of wirelessly connected sensor nodes in the network for tracking and data gathering applications. The sensors in WSN are constrained in energy, memory, and processing capabilities. Despite the benefits of WSN, the sensors closer to the base station (BS) expels their energy faster. It suffers from hot spot issues and can be resolved by the use of unequal clustering techniques. In this aspect, this paper presents a political optimizer-based unequal clustering scheme (POUCS) for mitigating hot spot problems in WSN. The goal of the POUCS technique is to choose cluster heads (CHs) and determine unequal cluster sizes. The POUCS technique derives a fitness function involving different input parameters to minimize energy consumption and maximize the lifetime of the network. To showcase the enhanced performance of the POUCS technique, a comprehensive experimental analysis takes place, and the detailed comparison study reported the better performance of the POUCS technique over the recent techniques.

scholarly journals Enhanced Routing for Low Power and Lossy Network Based on Link Quality Estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3401-3406
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Quality Estimation ◽  
Packet Drop ◽  
Link Quality Estimation

Internet of Things (IoT) network is designed using a set of wireless sensor nodes connected together through a Base station. The sensor nodes capture the data about the surrounding environment and forward it to the base station (BS) along with the geotag and timestamp. For a better quality of service in a IoT network the intelligent routing becomes essential factor. The routing protocol must be energy efficient to prevent packet loss or packet drop, and early dying of certain nodes. Hence it also becomes necessary to balance the energy spending in the network by implementing optimal routing decisions derived from intelligent machine learning techniques. Many researchers have provided solutions for energy efficient routing in IoT network. However the solutions provided need to be enhanced or redesigned to address other challenges and issues in an IoT network. This paper proposes a link quality estimation mechanism when a node is considering it neighboring node as a parent node. Based upon the experiments conducted in this research by implementing the proposed routing protocol it is observed that the routing algorithm exhibits better performance with respect to the following performance metrics including average energy consumption, packet drop rate, overall network life time, and average end to end delay.

A Survey on Hierarchical Cluster Based Secure Routing Protocols and Key Management Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Yugashree Bhadane ◽  
Pooja Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Key Management ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

Enhanced Adaptive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (EADEEC) for Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Poluru ◽  
M. Praveen Kumar Reddy ◽  
Syed Muzamil Basha ◽  
Rizwan Patan ◽  
Suresh Kallam
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Stability Period ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering

Background:Recently Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a composed of a full number of arbitrarily dispensed energy-constrained sensor nodes. The sensor nodes help in sensing the data and then it will transmit it to sink. The Base station will produce a significant amount of energy while accessing the sensing data and transmitting data. High energy is required to move towards base station when sensing and transmitting data. WSN possesses significant challenges like saving energy and extending network lifetime. In WSN the most research goals in routing protocols such as robustness, energy efficiency, high reliability, network lifetime, fault tolerance, deployment of nodes and latency. Most of the routing protocols are based upon clustering has been proposed using heterogeneity. For optimizing energy consumption in WSN, a vital technique referred to as clustering.Methods:To improve the lifetime of network and stability we have proposed an Enhanced Adaptive Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (EADEEC).Results:In simulation results describes the protocol performs better regarding network lifetime and packet delivery capacity compared to EEDEC and DEEC algorithm. Stability period and network lifetime are improved in EADEEC compare to DEEC and EDEEC.Conclusion:The EADEEC is overall Lifetime of a cluster is improved to perform the network operation: Data transfer, Node Lifetime and stability period of the cluster. EADEEC protocol evidently tells that it improved the throughput, extended the lifetime of network, longevity, and stability compared with DEEC and EDEEC.

Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing Algorithm for WSN

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar ◽  
Sonu Mittal ◽  
Md. Amir Khusru Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Hot Spot Problem

Background: This paper presents a novel Energy Efficient Clustering and Routing Algorithm (EECRA) for WSN. It is a clustering-based algorithm that minimizes energy dissipation in wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm takes into consideration energy conservation of the nodes through its inherent architecture and load balancing technique. In the proposed algorithm the role of inter-cluster transmission is not performed by gateways instead a chosen member node of respective cluster is responsible for data forwarding to another cluster or directly to the sink. Our algorithm eases out the load of the gateways by distributing the transmission load among chosen sensor node which acts as a relay node for inter-cluster communication for that round. Grievous simulations show that EECRA is better than PBCA and other algorithms in terms of energy consumption per round and network lifetime. Objective: The objective of this research lies in its inherent architecture and load balancing technique. The sole purpose of this clustering-based algorithm is that it minimizes energy dissipation in wireless sensor networks. Method: This algorithm is tested with 100 sensor nodes and 10 gateways deployed in the target area of 300m × 300m. The round assumed in this simulation is same as in LEACH. The performance metrics used for comparisons are (a) network lifetime of gateways and (b) energy consumption per round by gateways. Our algorithm gives superior result compared to LBC, EELBCA and PBCA. Fig 6 and Fig 7 shows the comparison between the algorithms. Results: The simulation was performed on MATLAB version R2012b. The performance of EECRA is compared with some existing algorithms like PBCA, EELBCA and LBCA. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other existing algorithms in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption. Conclusion: The novelty of this algorithm lies in the fact that the gateways are not responsible for inter-cluster forwarding, instead some sensor nodes are chosen in every cluster based on some cost function and they act as a relay node for data forwarding. Note the algorithm does not address the hot-spot problem. Our next endeavor will be to design an algorithm with consideration of hot-spot problem.

scholarly journals E-FUCA: enhancement in fuzzy unequal clustering and routing for sustainable wireless sensor network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Singh Mehra
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Energy Hole ◽  
Intelligent Decision ◽  
Improved Performance

AbstractWith huge cheap micro-sensing devices deployed, wireless sensor network (WSN) gathers information from the region and delivers it to the base station (BS) for further decision. The hotspot problem occurs when cluster head (CH) nearer to BS may die prematurely due to uneven energy depletion resulting in partitioning the network. To overcome the issue of hotspot or energy hole, unequal clustering is used where variable size clusters are formed. Motivated from the aforesaid discussion, we propose an enhanced fuzzy unequal clustering and routing protocol (E-FUCA) where vital parameters are considered during CH candidate selection, and intelligent decision using fuzzy logic (FL) is taken by non-CH nodes during the selection of their CH for the formation of clusters. To further extend the lifetime, we have used FL for the next-hop choice for efficient routing. We have conducted the simulation experiments for four scenarios and compared the propound protocol’s performance with recent similar protocols. The experimental results validate the improved performance of E-FUCA with its comparative in respect of better lifetime, protracted stability period, and enhanced average energy.

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