scholarly journals Electrogastrography in Autonomous Vehicles—An Objective Method for Assessment of Motion Sickness in Simulated Driving Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Timotej Gruden ◽  
Nenad B. Popović ◽  
Kristina Stojmenova ◽  
Grega Jakus ◽  
Nadica Miljković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Power Spectrum Density ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Spectrum Density ◽  
Egg Signal

Autonomous vehicles are expected to take complete control of the driving process, enabling the former drivers to act as passengers only. This could lead to increased sickness as they can be engaged in tasks other than driving. Adopting different sickness mitigation techniques gives us unique types of motion sickness in autonomous vehicles to be studied. In this paper, we report on a study where we explored the possibilities of assessing motion sickness with electrogastrography (EGG), a non-invasive method used to measure the myoelectric activity of the stomach, and its potential usage in autonomous vehicles (AVs). The study was conducted in a high-fidelity driving simulator with a virtual reality (VR) headset. There separate EGG measurements were performed: before, during and after the driving AV simulation video in VR. During the driving, the participants encountered two driving environments: a straight and less dynamic highway road and a highly dynamic and curvy countryside road. The EGG signal was recorded with a proprietary 3-channel recording device and Ag/AgCl cutaneous electrodes. In addition, participants were asked to signalize whenever they felt uncomfortable and nauseated by pressing a special button. After the drive they completed also the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and reported on their overall subjective perception of sickness symptoms. The EGG results showed a significant increase of the dominant frequency (DF) and the percentage of the high power spectrum density (FSD) as well as a significant decrease of the power spectrum density Crest factor (CF) during the AV simulation. The vast majority of participants reported nausea during more dynamic conditions, accompanied by an increase in the amplitude and the RMS value of EGG. Reported nausea occurred simultaneously with the increase in EGG amplitude. Based on the results, we conclude that EGG could be used for assessment of motion sickness in autonomous vehicles. DF, CF and FSD can be used as overall sickness indicators, while the relative increase in amplitude of EGG signal and duration of that increase can be used as short-term sickness indicators where the driving environment may affect the driver.

Orientation holes positioning of printed board based on LS-Power spectrum density algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Xiaxia ZENG ◽  
Zhenhua SONG ◽  
Wenzhong LIN ◽  
Haibo LUO
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Power Spectrum Density ◽  
Spectrum Density

Random Response Analysis of a Large-Size Cooling Tower Subjected to the Stationary Earthquake Motion

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 1589-1593
Author(s):  
Jia Ning Zhu ◽  
Ya Zhou Xu ◽  
Guo Liang Bai ◽  
Rui Wen Li
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Random Vibration ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Response Spectrum ◽  
Power Spectrum Density ◽  
Random Response ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Earthquake Motion ◽  
Spectrum Density ◽  
Random Vibration Theory

The response of a large-size cooling tower with 250m high subjected to the seismic action are investigated by both random vibration theory and response spectrum method. Shell element is taken to model the tower body, and beam element is used for the circular foundation and supporting columns. The earthquake motion input is a colored filtered white noise model and mode superposition method is adopted to analyze the random response of the large-size cooling tower. The paper presents the power spectrum density functions (PDF) and standard deviation of the displacement of the top and characteristic node, and the analysis results indicate that the results of the stationary random vibration theory and the response spectrum method are the same order of magnitude. The power spectrum density function of the bottom node stress is obviously bigger than the one at the top and the throat, and the random response of meridonal stress is dominated at the top. In addition, the peak frequency position of the power spectrum density function is different from the corresponding stress.

The Time Domain Simulation of Non-Stationary Road Roughness

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 1238-1242
Author(s):  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiao Mei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Time History ◽  
Random Excitation ◽  
Power Spectrum Density ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Roughness ◽  
Spectrum Density ◽  
History Of

The input of road roughness, which affects the ride comfort and the handling stability of vehicle, is the main excitation for the running vehicle. The time history of the road roughness was researched with the random phases, based on the stationary power spectrum density of the road roughness determined by the standards. Through the inverse Fourier transform, the random phases can be used to get the road roughness in time domain, together with the amplitude. Then, the time domain simulation of the non-stationary random excitation when the vehicle ran at the changing speed, would also be studied based on the random phases. It is proved that the random road excitation for the vehicle with the changing speed is stationary modulated evolution random excitation, and its power spectrum density is the stationary modulated evolutionary power spectrum density. And the numerical results for the time history of the non-stationary random inputs were also provided. The time history of the non-stationary random road can be used to evaluate the ride comfort of the vehicle which is running at the changing speed.

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