scholarly journals On Vulnerability of Selected IoT Systems to Radio Jamming—A Proposal of Deployment Practices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Staniec ◽  
Michał Kowal
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Processing Gain ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
Operational Modes ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Weightless and SigFox are both narrowband communication systems designed for the Internet of Things, along with some other counterparts such as LoRa (Long Range) and narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). As systems dedicated specifically for long-range operations, they possess considerable processing gain for energetic link budget improvement and a remarkable immunity to interference. The paper describes outcomes of a measurement campaign during which the Weightless and SigFox performance was tested against variable interference, generated in an anechoic chamber. Results allow the quantitative appraisal of the system behavior under these harsh conditions with respect to different operational modes of the two investigated IoT systems. The outcomes are then investigated with respect to an intentional radio jammer attempting to block a base station (BS) operation by directly radiating an interfering signal towards it. An Interference Margin is proposed for a quantitative expression of a system’s resilience to jamming. This margin, calculated for all available configuration settings, allows the clear assessment of which combination of a system’s operational parameters does and which does not provide immunity to this type of radio attack.

scholarly journals LoRa Performance under Variable Interference and Heavy-Multipath Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Staniec ◽  
Michał Kowal
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multipath Propagation ◽  
Spreading Factor ◽  
Reverberation Chamber ◽  
Processing Gain ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
Harsh Conditions ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Quantitative Appraisal

LoRa (or LoRaWAN) is by far the best known representative of narrowband communication systems designed for the Internet of Things. As a system dedicated specifically for long-range operations, it possesses a considerable processing gain for the energetic link budget improvement and a remarkable immunity to multipath and interference. The paper describes outcomes of measurement campaigns during which the LoRa performance was tested against these two factors, that is, a heavy-multipath propagation and a controlled, variable interference generated, respectively, in a reverberation chamber and an anechoic chamber. Results allow quantitative appraisal of the system behavior under these harsh conditions with respect to LoRa’s three major configurable parameters: the spreading factor, bandwidth, and code rate. They also allow dividing LoRa configurational space into three distinct sensitivity regions: in the white region it is immune to both interference and multipath propagation, in the light-grey region it is only immune to the multipath phenomenon but sensitive to interference, and in the dark grey region LoRa is vulnerable to both phenomena.

scholarly journals Uplink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access with Channel Estimation Errors for Internet of Things Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 912
Author(s):  
Minjoong Rim ◽  
Chung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Channel Estimation ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Channel Estimation Errors ◽  
Pilot Symbols ◽  
Shift Keying

One of the key requirements for next generation wireless or cellular communication systems is to efficiently support a large number of connections for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes can be used for this purpose. In uplink NOMA systems, pilot symbols, as well as data symbols can be superimposed onto shared resources. The error rate performance can be severely degraded due to channel estimation errors, especially when the number of superimposed packets is large. In this paper, we discuss uplink NOMA schemes with channel estimation errors, assuming that quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation is used. When pilot signals are superimposed onto the shared resources and a large number of devices perform random accesses concurrently to a single resource of the base station, the channels might not be accurately estimated even in high SNR environments. In this paper, we propose an uplink NOMA scheme, which can alleviate the performance degradation due to channel estimation errors.

scholarly journals Design and Build a Smartphone-Based Budget Coverage Area Link Application Module

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nur Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Application System ◽  
Learning Module ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Application Module

Coverage is needed to determine the amount of signal coverage that can be reached by the antenna at the base station. Therefore, in order to know the coverage area of ??a base station, a link budget coverage area application is needed. The purpose of making a link budget coverage area calculation application system at a base station is to assist in calculating the link budget to determine the coverage area of ??a base station and is also used as a learning module for mobile communication systems at State Polytechnic of Malang. The method of determining the coverage area is done in 2 ways, namely the calculation using the application and the drive test. The method of calculating the link budget coverage area used is 3 models, the Okumura-Hatta model is used to calculate the GSM system coverage area, the Cost-231 Hatta model for the DCS system, and the Walfisch Ikegami model for the UMTS 2100 system. measurement of the signal level around the base station area. The comparison of the coverage area between the measurement and calculation results is almost close to the difference in coverage of less than 100 m. Wherefrom the results of the drive test, the farthest range is 980 m with a signal level value of -91 dBm. Meanwhile, from the calculation side, the results obtained coverage of 1.06 km and 1.05 km with a signal level of -90 dBm

Fault Tree Analysis for a Modern Communication System

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Hamid ◽  
Nadim Chahine
Keyword(s):  
Communication System ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
System Components ◽  
Link Budget ◽  
Simulation Results

Wireless communications became one of the most widespread means for transferring information. Speed and reliability in transferring the piece of information are considered one of the most important requirements in communication systems in general. Moreover, Quality and reliability in any system are considered the most important criterion of the efficiency of this system in doing the task it is designed to do and its ability for satisfactory performance for a certain period of time, Therefore, we need fault tree analysis in these systems in order to determine how to detect an error or defect when happening in communication system and what are the possibilities that make this error happens. This research deals with studying TETRA system components, studying the physical layer in theory and practice, as well as studying fault tree analysis in this system, and later benefit from this study in proposing improvements to the structure of the system, which led to improve gain in Link Budget. A simulation and test have been done using MATLAB, where simulation results have shown that the built fault tree is able to detect the system’s work by 82.4%.

scholarly journals Interference Cancellation Based Spectrum Sharing for Massive MIMO Communication Systems

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3584
Author(s):  
Milembolo Miantezila Junior ◽  
Bin Guo ◽  
Chenjie Zhang ◽  
Xuemei Bai
Keyword(s):  
Interference Cancellation ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Null Space ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Lte Advanced

Cellular network operators are predicting an increase in space of more than 200 percent to carry the move and tremendous increase of total users in data traffic. The growing of investments in infrastructure such as a large number of small cells, particularly the technologies such as LTE-Advanced and 6G Technology, can assist in mitigating this challenge moderately. In this paper, we suggest a projection study in spectrum sharing of radar multi-input and multi-output, and mobile LTE multi-input multi-output communication systems near m base stations (BS). The radar multi-input multi-output and mobile LTE communication systems split different interference channels. The new approach based on radar projection signal detection has been proposed for free interference disturbance channel with radar multi-input multi-output and mobile LTE multi-input multi-output by using a new proposed interference cancellation algorithm. We chose the channel of interference with the best free channel, and the detected signal of radar was projected to null space. The goal is to remove all interferences from the radar multi-input multi-output and to cancel any disturbance sources from a chosen mobile Communication Base Station. The experimental results showed that the new approach performs very well and can optimize Spectrum Access.

scholarly journals Physical-Layer Security Improvement with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G Wireless Communication Systems

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1439
Author(s):  
Janghyuk Youn ◽  
Woong Son ◽  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Physical Layer Security ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Secrecy Rate ◽  
Pilot Signal ◽  
Time Division

Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have received much interest from both academia and industry due to their flexibility and cost-effectiveness in adjusting the phase and amplitude of wireless signals with low-cost passive reflecting elements. In particular, many RIS-aided techniques have been proposed to improve both data rate and energy efficiency for 6G wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose a novel RIS-based channel randomization (RCR) technique for improving physical-layer security (PLS) for a time-division duplex (TDD) downlink cellular wire-tap network which consists of a single base station (BS) with multiple antennas, multiple legitimate pieces of user equipment (UE), multiple eavesdroppers (EVEs), and multiple RISs. We assume that only a line-of-sight (LOS) channel exists among the BS, the RISs, and the UE due to propagation characteristics of tera-hertz (THz) spectrum bands that may be used in 6G wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, each RIS first pseudo-randomly generates multiple reflection matrices and utilizes them for both pilot signal duration (PSD) in uplink and data transmission duration (DTD) in downlink. Then, the BS estimates wireless channels of UE with reflection matrices of all RISs and selects the UE that has the best secrecy rate for each reflection matrix generated. It is shown herein that the proposed technique outperforms the conventional techniques in terms of achievable secrecy rates.

scholarly journals Study of 5G-NR-MIMO Links in the Presence of an Interferer

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 732
Author(s):  
Avner Elgam ◽  
Yael Balal ◽  
Yosef Pinhasi
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Diversity Coding ◽  
Shift Keying ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Many communication systems are based on the Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme, and Orthogonal Space–time Block Transmit diversity Coding (OSTBC), combined with Maximal Ratio Receive Combining (MRRC), to create an optimal diversity system. A system with optimal diversity fixes and optimizes the channel’s effects under multi-path and Rayleigh fading with maximum energy efficiency; however, the challenge does not end with dealing with the channel destruction of the multi-path impacts. Susceptibility to interference is a significant vulnerability in future wireless mobile networks. The 5th Generation New Radio (5G-NR) technologies bring hundreds of small cells and pieces of User Equipment (UE) per indoor or outdoor local area scenario under a specific Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based station (e-NodeB), or under 5G-NR base-station (g-NodeB). It is necessary to study issues that deal with many interference signals, and smart jammers from advanced communication equipment cause deterioration in the links between the UE, the small cells, and the NodeB. In this paper, we study and present the significant impact and performances of 2×2 Alamouti Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) modulation techniques in the presence of an interferer and a smart jammer. The destructive effects affecting the MIMO array and the advanced diversity technique without closed-loop MIMO are analyzed. The performance is evaluated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR). In addition, we proved the impairment of the orthogonal spectrum assumption mathematically.

scholarly journals Wearable Sensor and Internet of Things Technology for Better Medical Science: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.11) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arisa Olivia Putri ◽  
Musab A. M. Ali ◽  
Mohammad Saad ◽  
Sidiq Samsul Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Mobile User ◽  
Wearable Sensor ◽  
Main Concept ◽  
Paper Review ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

E-health becomes one of the internet's products for healthcare. The problems of health service such as far hospital and expensive examination fees become the emergence of this technology. Consequently, people reluctant to check their health to hospital. E-health provides information on disease prevention, detecting early symptoms, and monitoring the patient's condition based on medical parameters from a far distance. Internet of things became the main concept in this system, which combines wearable sensors, communication systems, and mobile user interfaces. Reliable and valid system, easily carried, help the doctor to monitor patients from far distance expectantly to overcome the problems. The aims of this paper review are describing how an internet of things technology and wearable sensor help medical science and find the best way to create a health monitoring system.   

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