scholarly journals Fuzzy Controller Applied to a Remote Energy Harvesting Emulation Platform

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Miranda Camboim ◽  
Juan Moises Maurício Villanueva ◽  
Cleonilson Protasio de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Pi Controller ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Source ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
Thermal Pattern

In the last decades, a lot of effort has been made in order to improve the use of environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources. In a context of small energy usage, energy harvesting takes place and thermal energy sources are one of its main energy sources because there are several unused heat sources available in the environment that may be used as renewable energy sources. To rapidly evaluate the energy potential of such thermal sources is a hard task, therefore, a way to perform this is welcome. In this work, a thermal pattern emulation system to evaluate potential thermal source in a easy way is proposed. The main characteristics of the proposed system is that it is online and remote, that is, while the thermal-source-under-test is being measured, the system is emulating it and evaluating the generated energy remotely. The main contribution of this work was to replace the conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller to a Fuzzy-Proportional Integral (PI) controller. In order to compare both controllers, three tests were carried out, namely: (a) step response, (b) perturbation test, (c) thermal emulation of the thermal pattern obtained from a potential thermal source: tree trucks. Experimental results show that the Fuzzy-PI controller was faster than the PID, achieving a setting time 41.26% faster, and also was more efficient with a maximum error 53% smaller than the PID.

Energy Harvesting Using Small Renewable Energy Sources: UAV Application

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayem Zafar ◽  
Mohamed Gadalla
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Micro Power ◽  
Energy Harvesting System

A renewable energy harvesting system is designed and tested for micro power generation. Such systems have applications ranging from mobile use to off-grid remote applications. This study analyzed the use of micro power generation for small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight operations. The renewable energy harvesting system consisted of a small wind turbine, flexible type PV panels and a small fuel cell. Fuel cell is considered the stable source while PV and wind turbine produced varying power output. The load of around 250 W is simulated by a small motor. The micro wind turbine with the total length of 4.5 m and the disk diameter of 1.8 m is tested. The micro wind turbine dimensions make it big enough to be used to charge batteries yet small enough to be installed on rooftops or easily transportable. The wind turbine blades are installed at an angle of 22°, with respect to the disk plane, as it gives the highest rotation. The voltage and current output for the corresponding RPM and wind speeds are recorded for the wind turbine. Two 2 m and a single 1 m long WaveSol Light PV panels are tested. The PV tests are conducted to get the current and voltage output with respect to the solar flux. The variation in solar flux represented the time of day and seasons. A 250 W PEM fuel cell is tested to run the desired load. Fuel cell’s hydrogen pressure drop is recorded against the output electrical power and the run time is recorded. System performance is evaluated under different operating and environmental conditions. Data is collected for a wide range of conditions to analyze the usability of renewable energy harvesting system. This energy harvesting method significantly improves the usability and output of the renewable energy sources. It also shows that small renewable energy systems have existing applications.

Development of a Chassis Mounted Multi Stage Axial Flow Turbine for Wind Energy Harvesting on a Cruising Transport Vehicle: A CFD Based Approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreyas S. Hegde ◽  
Anand Thamban ◽  
Arham Ahmed ◽  
Meet Upadhyay ◽  
Arun Mahalingam
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Drag Force ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Exhaust Gases

Fossil fuels have been a means of energy source since a long time, and have tended to the needs of the large global population. These conventional sources are bound to deplete in the near future and hence there is a need for producing energy from renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, tidal etc. Technologies involving renewable energy are a growing subject of concern. Further, the problem is also one of excessive pollution caused by conventional sources of energy and their impact on the environment. In particular, one of the main sources of pollution is harmful gases emitting out of automobiles. Wind energy is one among the renewable energy sources which is implemented in large scale energy production to supplement growing domestic energy needs. Significant amount of research has been done in this field to harness energy to power household and other amenities using wind farms. The aim of this project is to come up with a low cost solution for wind energy harvesting on moving vehicles. The purpose of this study is to consider the use of wind energy along with conventional energy sources to power automobiles. This would help reduce the use of fossil fuels in automobiles and hence reduce the resulting environmental pollution. Also since the turbine adds to the weight of the vehicle the aim also is to minimize the weight of the turbine. Extensive structural analysis is done for this purpose to choose a material which would be both light weight and also be able to withstand the stresses developed. In the current paper the drag force produced in automobiles is harvested by using a convergent divergent nozzle mounted below the chassis of the car. Initially drag analysis is done in order to determine the increase in drag force produced after mounting of the nozzle. It is found from existing literature that the drag increases by 3.4% after the mounting of the nozzle making it possible the mounting of a nozzle beneath the car. Additionally exhaust gases is also allowed to pass through the same duct to increase the mass flow to the turbine and thus generate more energy. This is made to strike the blades of a 2 stage axial flow turbine whose rotation generates energy. The power output from the turbine is the parameter of interest. This energy can also be stored in batteries and be used to run auxiliary equipment of the automobile including the air conditioner. The exhaust gases will be passed through a catalytic converter before striking the blades of the turbine in order to prevent corrosion of the blades. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to validate the concept and also come up with a design that maximizes energy generation by such turbines. Numerical results obtained by simulation are validated by theoretical calculation based on turbines inlet and outlet velocity triangles. The future scope of the project would include the use of multiple nozzles in order to study its performance.

scholarly journals Energy Management and Switching Control of PHEV Charging Stations in a Hybrid Smart Micro-Grid System

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Kamal ◽  
Murat Karabacak ◽  
Syed Hassan ◽  
Luis Fernández-Ramírez ◽  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Switching Control ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Grid System ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
Micro Grid

In this study, the energy management and switching control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in a hybrid smart micro-grid system was designed. The charging station in this research consists of real market PHEVs of different companies with different sizes. The rate of charging of PHEVs is managed via switching control to receive maximum benefits from renewable energy sources and reduce the consumption of electricity from the grid. To support the optimum utilization of sustainable power, charging time and network stability, seven scenarios were developed for different interaction among the proposed micro-grid system and PHEVs. The proposed hybrid smart micro-grid system consists of three renewable energy sources: photovoltaic (PV) array controlled via an intelligent fuzzy control maximum power point subsystem, a fuel cell stack and a microturbine set controlled by proportional integral differential/proportional integral subsystems. A hybrid energy storage system (super-capacitor, battery storage bank and hydrogen) and residential load are also included in the proposed architecture. The hybrid smart micro-grid system is checked in terms of voltage regulation, frequency deviation and total harmonic distortion (THD). It was found that these are in limits according to the international standards. The simulations verify the feasibility of the proposed system and fulfill the requirement of vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle operations in a smart grid environment.

scholarly journals Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Various Controller Implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Pi Controller ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy System ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy

In power industry due to fast industrialization the generation system has upswing towards strongly procuring energy from various non-conventional energy sources (RES). Persistent work is carried out in order to use additional energy obtained from the renewable sources and limiting the dependence on the conventional energy sources. The amalgamation of various Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources (HRES) i.e. Solar, Wind and Fuel cell including load forms a Micro grid, the realistic management of energy from these renewable sources to accommodate the demand at the consumer end with proper efficiency is necessary. This paper proposes a hybrid system comprising of three energy sources PV, Wind and Fuel Cell and is connected to the grid by using power electronic converters using MATLAB/SIMULINK. A control circuit is designed by using PI controller and fuzzy logic based controller for providing gate signals to the inverter. The voltage profile when connected to a load by using various controllers is studied. A comparison study and behavior of source voltage, source current, load voltage and load current is studied by using PI controller and fuzzy logic controller.

An On-Line PSO-Based Fuzzy Logic Tuning Approach

2015 ◽  
pp. 1805-1830
Author(s):  
P. Babahajyani ◽  
F. Habibi ◽  
H. Bevrani
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Industry ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Optimal Tuning ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
On Line

Modern power systems require increased intelligence and flexibility in control and optimization. This issue is becoming more significant today due to the increasing size, changing structure, emerging renewable energy sources and Microgrids, environmental constraints, and the complexity of power systems. The control units and their associated tuning methods for modern power systems surely must be intelligent (based in flexible intelligent algorithms). This chapter addresses a new intelligent approach using a combination of fuzzy logic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques for optimal tuning of the existing most popular Proportional-Integral (PI) or Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers in the power electric industry. In the proposed control strategy, the PI (PID) parameters are automatically tuned using fuzzy rules, according to the on-line measurements. In order to obtain an optimal performance, the PSO technique is used to determine the membership functions' parameters. The proposed optimal tuning scheme offers many benefits for a new power system with numerous distributed generators and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs).In the developed tuning algorithm, the physical and engineering aspects have been fully considered. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, secondary frequency control problem in an islanded Microgrid (MG) system is considered a case study. The main source of power for a Microgrid is small generating units of tens of kW that are placed at the customer site. Simulation studies are performed to illustrate the capability of the proposed intelligent/optimal control approach.

An On-Line PSO-Based Fuzzy Logic Tuning Approach

2014 ◽  
pp. 589-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Babahajyani ◽  
F. Habibi ◽  
H. Bevrani
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Industry ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Optimal Tuning ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
On Line

Modern power systems require increased intelligence and flexibility in control and optimization. This issue is becoming more significant today due to the increasing size, changing structure, emerging renewable energy sources and Microgrids, environmental constraints, and the complexity of power systems. The control units and their associated tuning methods for modern power systems surely must be intelligent (based in flexible intelligent algorithms). This chapter addresses a new intelligent approach using a combination of fuzzy logic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques for optimal tuning of the existing most popular Proportional-Integral (PI) or Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers in the power electric industry. In the proposed control strategy, the PI (PID) parameters are automatically tuned using fuzzy rules, according to the on-line measurements. In order to obtain an optimal performance, the PSO technique is used to determine the membership functions’ parameters. The proposed optimal tuning scheme offers many benefits for a new power system with numerous distributed generators and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs).In the developed tuning algorithm, the physical and engineering aspects have been fully considered. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, secondary frequency control problem in an islanded Microgrid (MG) system is considered a case study. The main source of power for a Microgrid is small generating units of tens of kW that are placed at the customer site. Simulation studies are performed to illustrate the capability of the proposed intelligent/optimal control approach.

Renewable Energy Sources

IEE Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Kenneth Spring
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources
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