scholarly journals A New Bit Repair Fast Reroute Mechanism for Smart Sensors IoT Network Infrastructure

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5230
Author(s):  
Jozef Papan ◽  
Pavel Segec ◽  
Oleksandra Yeremenko ◽  
Ivana Bridova ◽  
Michal Hodon
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Network Failure ◽  
Alternative Path ◽  
Fast Reroute ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Network Fault Tolerance

Today’s IP networks are experiencing a high increase in used and connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices and related deployed critical services. This puts increased demands on the reliability of underlayer transport networks. Therefore, modern networks must meet specific qualitative and quantitative parameters to satisfy customer service demands in line with the most common requirements of network fault tolerance and minimal packet loss. After a router or link failure within the transport network, the network convergence process begins. This process can take an unpredictable amount of time, usually depending on the size, the design of the network and the routing protocol used. Several solutions have been developed to address these issues, where one of which is the group of so-called Fast ReRoute (FRR) mechanisms. A general feature of these mechanisms is the fact that the resilience to network connectivity failures is addressed by calculating a pre-prepared alternative path. The path serves as a backup in the event of a network failure. This paper presents a new Bit Repair (B-REP) FRR mechanism that uses a special BIER header field (Bit-String) to explicitly indicate an alternative path used to route the packet. B-REP calculates an alternative path in advance as a majority of existing FRR solutions. The advantage of B-REP is the ability to define an alternative hop-by-hop path with full repair coverage throughout the network, where, unlike other solutions, we propose the use of a standardized solution for this purpose. The area of the B-REP application is communication networks working on the principle of packet switching, which use some link-state routing protocol. Therefore, B-REP can be successfully used in the IoT solutions especially in the field of ensuring communication from sensors in order to guarantee a minimum packet loss during data transmission.

scholarly journals Context Information Aggregation Mechanism Based on Bloom Filters (CIA-BF) for High Performance Monitoring Applications of Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-127
Author(s):  
Fawaz Alassery ◽  
Maha M. Althobaiti
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bloom Filters ◽  
Aggregation Mechanism ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Iot Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a popular technology in recent years. Different IoT applications such as traffic control, environment monitoring, etc. contain many sensor devices, routers, actuators, edge routers, and Base Stations (BS) which communicate with each other and send millions of data packets that need to be delivered to their destination nodes successfully to ensure the High-performance communication networks. IoT devices connect to the Internet using wired or wireless communication channels where most of the devices are wearable, which means people slowly move from one point to another or fast-moving using vehicles. How to ensure high performance of IoT data networks is an important research challenge while considering the limitation of some IoT devices that may have limited power resources or limited coverage areas. Many Kinds of research focus on how to customize routing protocols to be efficient for IoT devices. The traditional routing mechanisms utilized specific IP addresses to identify users while in IoT it is more beneficial to identify a group of users (things) based on any contexts, status, or values of their resources such as the level of their batteries (e.g., low, medium or high). While IoT devices have different characteristics, a multicasting mechanism to send one message to various groups of devices will not be efficient in IoT communication networks since the aggregation of packets is very difficult. Thus, it is useful to propose a mechanism that able to filter data packets that need to be sent to a specific group of devices. In this paper, we propose efficient context-aware addressing mechanism, which is based on bloom filters to increase the performance of IoT communication networks. A routing architecture is built based on bloom filters which store routing information. In our works, we reduce the size of routing information using a proposed aggregation mechanism which is based on connecting each group of IoT devices with an edge router which is hierarchically connected to an upper router after operating its bloom filter. Our simulation results show a significant improvement in the IoT performance metrics such as packets transmission delay, jitter the throughput, packets dropping ratio, and the energy consumption in comparison with well-known routing protocols of IoT such as Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing protocol (DSDV), and Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing protocol (AODV).

A Groundwork Based Novel Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Amolkirat Singh ◽  
Guneet Saini
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Secure Communication ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

Many people lose their life and/or are injured due to accidents or unexpected events taking place on road networks. Besides traffic jams, these accidents generate a tremendous waste of time and fuel. Undoubtedly, if the vehicles are provided with timely and dynamic information related to road traffic conditions, any unexpected events or accidents, the safety and efficiency of the transportation system with respect to time, distance, fuel consumption and environmentally destructive emissions can be improved. In the field of computer and information science, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) have recently emerged as an effective tool for improving road safety through propagation of warning messages among the vehicles in the network about potential obstacles on the road ahead. VANET is a research area which is in more demand among the researchers, the automobile industries and scientists to discover about the loopholes and advantages of the vehicular networks so that efficient routing algorithms can be developed which can provide reliable and secure communication among the mobile nodes.In this paper, we propose a Groundwork Based Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (GAODV) focus on how the Road Side Units (RSU’s) utilized in the architecture plays an important role for making the communication reliable. In the interval of finding the suitable path from source to destination the packet loss may occur and the delay also is counted if the required packet does not reach the specified destination on time. So to overcome delay, packet loss and to increase throughput GAODV approach is followed. The performance parameters in the GAODV comes out to be much better than computed in the traditional approach.

scholarly journals Mitigation of packet loss with end-to-end delay in wireless body area network applications

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Suha Sahib Oleiwi ◽  
Ghassan N. Mohammed ◽  
Israa Al_Barazanchi
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Wireless Body Area Network ◽  
Body Area Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Cooperative Routing ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

The wireless body area network (WBAN) has been proposed to offer a solution to the problem of population ageing, shortage in medical facilities and different chronic diseases. The development of this technology has been further fueled by the demand for real-time application for monitoring these cases in networks. The integrity of communication is constrained by the loss of packets during communication affecting the reliability of WBAN. Mitigating the loss of packets and ensuring the performance of the network is a challenging task that has sparked numerous studies over the years. The WBAN technology as a problem of reducing network lifetime; thus, in this paper, we utilize cooperative routing protocol (CRP) to improve package delivery via end-to-end latency and increase the length of the network lifetime. The end-to-end latency was used as a metric to determine the significance of CRP in WBAN routing protocols. The CRP increased the rate of transmission of packets to the sink and mitigate packet loss. The proposed solution has shown that the end-to-end delay in the WBAN is considerably reduced by applying the cooperative routing protocol. The CRP technique attained a delivery ratio of 0.8176 compared to 0.8118 when transmitting packets in WBAN.

scholarly journals Analisis Perbedaan Peformance dan Quality Of Service (Qos) Antara Eigrp dengan Ospf (Studi Kasus Menggunakan 6 Router Melalui GNS 3 dan Wireshark)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Unung Verawardina
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Link State ◽  
Routing Table ◽  
The Difference

In a dynamic routing setting a routing protocol is required to perform the settings to find the shortest and best path. Routing protocols are of two types: vector distance and link state. Use of EIGRP routing that includes long-range vectors and link state OSPF Link link state coverage, peg well to be implemented in complex network because it can adapt well. In this research is the method used for routing and speed of time available EIGRP routing and OSPF routing through simulator GNS3 and wireshark application, then analyze the difference of peformance with speed of routing table and speed of time. While for Quality of Service (QoS) compare network service quality from EIGRP and OSPF routing which include delay, packet loss, and throughput. Based on the results of the research shows the EIGRP routing table is better in the selection path, EIGRP smaller time tansfer data then its data transfer faster than the OSPF. Overall Quality Of Service (Qos) delay, packetloss and throughput on EIGRP and OSPF are well balanced and good.

Transcriptional Regulatory Network Topology with Applications to Bio-inspired Networking: A Survey

2022 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Satyaki Roy ◽  
Preetam Ghosh ◽  
Nirnay Ghosh ◽  
Sajal K. Das
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Biological Networks ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Network ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Networking Protocols

The advent of the edge computing network paradigm places the computational and storage resources away from the data centers and closer to the edge of the network largely comprising the heterogeneous IoT devices collecting huge volumes of data. This paradigm has led to considerable improvement in network latency and bandwidth usage over the traditional cloud-centric paradigm. However, the next generation networks continue to be stymied by their inability to achieve adaptive, energy-efficient, timely data transfer in a dynamic and failure-prone environment—the very optimization challenges that are dealt with by biological networks as a consequence of millions of years of evolution. The transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) is a biological network whose innate topological robustness is a function of its underlying graph topology. In this article, we survey these properties of TRN and the metrics derived therefrom that lend themselves to the design of smart networking protocols and architectures. We then review a body of literature on bio-inspired networking solutions that leverage the stated properties of TRN. Finally, we present a vision for specific aspects of TRNs that may inspire future research directions in the fields of large-scale social and communication networks.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison Between Copper Cables and Fiber Optic in Data Transfer on Banjarmasin Weather Temperature Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 05022
Author(s):  
Husnul Khatimi ◽  
Eka Setya Wijaya ◽  
Andreyan Rizky Baskara ◽  
Yuslena Sari
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable

Copper wire cable and fiber optic cable are two communication media that are widely used in building data communication networks in today’s modern era. For network administrators, choosing the right type of cable to build a network is a must. Air temperature is one of the external factors that can affect the performance of network equipment. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the differences in performance between the use of fiber optic cables and copper wire cables which are capable of transferring data of 1 Gigabit per second. Performance measurement analysis includes the ability to transfer data from both media such as latency, throughput, and packet loss. For testing latency and throughput is done by sending as many as 65,000 data 30 times for each media. Whereas for packet loss testing is done by sending 10,000 data within 1 minute using test bandwidth on the Mikrotik router. From the test results, it can be seen that there is an effect of temperature changes on the performance of copper wire cable and fiber optic cable. The higher the air temperature, the packet loss, and latency will increase. As for the throughput value, the temperature only affects the throughput value on fiber optic cable and does not affect throughput on the copper wire cable.

scholarly journals Approaching the Communication Constraints of Ethereum-Based Decentralized Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matevž Pustišek ◽  
Anton Umek ◽  
Andrej Kos
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Remote Server ◽  
Small Influence ◽  
Store Location ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Those working on Blockchain technologies have described several new innovative directions and novel services in the Internet of things (IoT), including decentralized trust, trusted and verifiable execution of smart contracts, and machine-to-machine communications and automation that reach beyond the mere exchange of data. However, applying blockchain principles in the IoT is a challenge due to the constraints of the end devices. Because of fierce cost pressure, the hardware resources in these devices are usually reduced to the minimum necessary for operation. To achieve the high coverage needed, low bitrate mobile or wireless technologies are frequently applied, so the communication is often constrained, too. These constraints make the implementation of blockchain nodes for IoT as standalone end-devices impractical or even impossible. We therefore investigated possible design approaches to decentralized applications based on the Ethereum blockchain for the IoT. We proposed and evaluated three application architectures differing in communication, computation, storage, and security requirements. In a pilot setup we measured and analyzed the data traffic needed to run the blockchain clients and their applications. We found out that with the appropriate designs and the remote server architecture we can strongly reduce the storage and communication requirements imposed on devices, with predictable security implications. Periodic device traffic is reduced to 2400 B/s (HTTP) and 170 B/s (Websocket) from about 18 kB/s in the standalone-device full client architecture. A notification about a captured blockchain event and the corresponding verification resulted in about 2000 B of data. A transaction sent from the application to the client resulted in an about 500 B (HTTP) and 300 B message (Websocket). The key store location, which affects the serialization of a transaction, only had a small influence on the transaction-related data. Raw transaction messages were 45 B larger than when passing the JSON transaction objects. These findings provide directions for fog/cloud IoT application designers to avoid unrealistic expectations imposed upon their IoT devices and blockchain technologies, and enable them to select the appropriate system design according to the intended use case and system constraints. However, for very low bit-rate communication networks, new communication protocols for device to blockchain-client need to be considered.

Light-weight Routing Protocol in IoT-based Inter-Device Telecommunication Wireless Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayoung Oh ◽  
Sangsoon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Ipv6 Address ◽  
Wireless Environment ◽  
Iot Devices

<p><span lang="EN-US">The primary task for IoT-based hyper-connectivity communications lies in the development of direct communications technique among IoT devices in RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) environment without the aid from infras such as access points, base stations etc. In a low-power and lossy wireless network, IoT devices and routers cannot keep the original path toward the destination since they have the limited memory, except for a limited number of the default router information.. Different from the previous light-weight routing protocols focusing on the reduction of the control messages, the proposed scheme provides the light-weight IPv6 address auto-configuration, IPv6 neighbor discovery and routing protocol in a IoT capable infra-less wireless networks with the bloom filer and enhanced rank concepts. And for the first time we evaluate our proposed scheme based on the modeling of various probability distributions in the IoT environments with the lossy wireless link. Specifically, the proposed enhanced RPL based light-weight routing protocol improves the robustness with the multi-paths locally established based on the enhanced rank concepts even though lossy wireless links are existed. We showed the improvements of the proposed scheme up to 40% than the RPL based protocol.</span></p>

scholarly journals Analisis Perbandingan Routing Protocol Open Shortest Path First dan Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol pada IPV6 menggunakan Graphical Network Simulator 3

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Made Dinda Pradnya Pramita ◽  
Lie Jasa
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Shortest Path ◽  
Graphical User Interface ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Ip Address

Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, pengimplementasian jaringan komputer dapat menggunakan simulator jaringan. Pengunaan simulator jaringan yang sering digunakan salah satunya adalah Graphical User Interface (GUI) dan sistem operasinya disediakan dari pihak pengguna karena sistem operasi yang digunakan berasal dari sistem operasi asli perangkat jaringan tersebut. Perkembangan pesat terhadap kebutuhan data mendorong masyarakat untuk melakukan pertukaran informasi antara satu dengan lainnya melalui satu jaringan. Komunikasi data dilakukan melalui pengiriman paket data antara jaringan berdasarkan internet protocol (IP) address. IP dibagi menjadi dua yaitu IPV4 dan IPV6 dalam proses pengiriman data dibantu dengan router. Pada penelitian ini akan berfokus pada analis kinerja routing protocol tersebut dengan menggunakan IPV6 dengan memperhatikan beberapa parameter seperti delay, packet loss, throughput dan waktu konversi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan OSPF lebih baik dibandingkan EIGRP pada nilai delay dan throughput  yaitu 2-15%. EIGRP lebih baik ketika koneksi mengalami down yaitu sebesar 45 – 52%. EIGRP memiliki waktu konvergensi yang lebih cepat dibandingkan OSPF yaitu dengan waktu 2 – 6 detik sedangkan OSPF sebesar 8 – 10 detik. Kata Kunci—EIGRP, OSPF, IPV6 dan Simulator

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