scholarly journals Scalable and High-Throughput Top-Down Manufacturing of Optical Metasurfaces

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4108
Author(s):  
Taejun Lee ◽  
Chihun Lee ◽  
Dong Kyo Oh ◽  
Trevon Badloe ◽  
Jong G. Ok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
Manufacturing Methods

Metasurfaces have shown promising potential to miniaturize existing bulk optical components thanks to their extraordinary optical properties and ultra-thin, small, and lightweight footprints. However, the absence of proper manufacturing methods has been one of the main obstacles preventing the practical application of metasurfaces and commercialization. Although a variety of fabrication techniques have been used to produce optical metasurfaces, there are still no universal scalable and high-throughput manufacturing methods that meet the criteria for large-scale metasurfaces for device/product-level applications. The fundamentals and recent progress of the large area and high-throughput manufacturing methods are discussed with practical device applications. We systematically classify various top-down scalable patterning techniques for optical metasurfaces: firstly, optical and printing methods are categorized and then their conventional and unconventional (emerging/new) techniques are discussed in detail, respectively. In the end of each section, we also introduce the recent developments of metasurfaces realized by the corresponding fabrication methods.

scholarly journals Magnetism Science with the Square Kilometre Array

Galaxies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
George Heald ◽  
Sui Mao ◽  
Valentina Vacca ◽  
Takuya Akahori ◽  
Ancor Damas-Segovia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Dark Matter Annihilation ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Square Kilometre Array ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will answer fundamental questions about the origin, evolution, properties, and influence of magnetic fields throughout the Universe. Magnetic fields can illuminate and influence phenomena as diverse as star formation, galactic dynamics, fast radio bursts, active galactic nuclei, large-scale structure, and dark matter annihilation. Preparations for the SKA are swiftly continuing worldwide, and the community is making tremendous observational progress in the field of cosmic magnetism using data from a powerful international suite of SKA pathfinder and precursor telescopes. In this contribution, we revisit community plans for magnetism research using the SKA, in light of these recent rapid developments. We focus in particular on the impact that new radio telescope instrumentation is generating, thus advancing our understanding of key SKA magnetism science areas, as well as the new techniques that are required for processing and interpreting the data. We discuss these recent developments in the context of the ultimate scientific goals for the SKA era.

scholarly journals Top-Down Polyelectrolytes for Membrane-Based Post-Combustion CO2 Capture

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Nikolaeva ◽  
Patricia Luis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Solvent Casting ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Synthesis And Processing ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Polymer-based CO2 selective membranes offer an energy efficient method to separate CO2 from flue gas. ‘Top-down’ polyelectrolytes represent a particularly interesting class of polymer materials based on their vast synthetic flexibility, tuneable interaction with gas molecules, ease of processability into thin films, and commercial availability of precursors. Recent developments in their synthesis and processing are reviewed herein. The four main groups of post-synthetically modified polyelectrolytes discern ionised neutral polymers, cation and anion functionalised polymers, and methacrylate-derived polyelectrolytes. These polyelectrolytes differentiate according to the origin and chemical structure of the precursor polymer. Polyelectrolytes are mostly processed into thin-film composite (TFC) membranes using physical and chemical layer deposition techniques such as solvent-casting, Langmuir-Blodgett, Layer-by-Layer, and chemical grafting. While solvent-casting allows manufacturing commercially competitive TFC membranes, other methods should still mature to become cost-efficient for large-scale application. Many post-synthetically modified polyelectrolytes exhibit outstanding selectivity for CO2 and some overcome the Robeson plot for CO2/N2 separation. However, their CO2 permeance remain low with only grafted and solvent-casted films being able to approach the industrially relevant performance parameters. The development of polyelectrolyte-based membranes for CO2 separation should direct further efforts at promoting the CO2 transport rates while maintaining high selectivities with additional emphasis on environmentally sourced precursor polymers.

scholarly journals Low-cost, bottom-up fabrication of large-scale single-molecule nanoarrays by DNA origami placement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishabh M. Shetty ◽  
Sarah R. Brady ◽  
Paul W. K. Rothemund ◽  
Rizal F. Hariadi ◽  
Ashwin Gopinath
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dna Origami ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Statistical Limit ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Self Assembled

Large-scale nanoarrays of single biomolecules enable high-throughput assays while unmasking the underlying heterogeneity within ensemble populations. Until recently, creating such grids which combine the unique advantages of microarrays and single-molecule experiments (SMEs) has been particularly challenging due to the mismatch between the size of these molecules and the resolution of top-down fabrication techniques. DNA Origami Placement (DOP) combines two powerful techniques to address this issue: (i) DNA origami, which provides a ∼ 100-nm self-assembled template for single-molecule organization with 5 nm resolution, and (ii) top-down lithography, which patterns these DNA nanostructures, transforming them into functional nanodevices via large-scale integration with arbitrary substrates. Presently, this technique relies on state-of-the-art infrastructure and highly-trained personnel, making it prohibitively expensive for researchers. Here, we introduce a bench-top technique to create meso-to-macro-scale DNA origami nanoarrays using self-assembled colloidal nanoparticles, thereby circumventing the need for top-down fabrication. We report a maximum yield of 74%, two-fold higher than the statistical limit of 37% imposed on non-specific molecular loading alternatives. Furthermore, we provide a proof-of-principle for the ability of this nanoarray platform to transform traditionally low-throughput, stochastic, single-molecule assays into high-throughput, deterministic ones, without compromising data quality. Our approach has the potential to democratize single-molecule nanoarrays and demonstrates their utility as a tool for biophysical assays and diagnostics.

SOI Technologies: Device Applications and Future Prospects

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
B-Y. Tsaur
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTSilicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies have four major applications: very-large-scale integrated circuits (ICs), high-voltage ICs, large-area ICs, and vertical ICs. This paper will review the recent progress made in these areas and discuss the prospects of various SOI technologies for achieving commercialization.

Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamim Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Semiconductors ◽  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Carrier Injection ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Device Applications

Abstract With the rich experience of developing silicon devices over a period of the last six decades, it is easy to assess the suitability of a new material for device applications by examining charge carrier injection, transport, and extraction across a practically realizable architecture; surface passivation; and packaging and reliability issues besides the feasibility of preparing mechanically robust wafer/substrate of single-crystal or polycrystalline/amorphous thin films. For material preparation, parameters such as purification of constituent materials, crystal growth, and thin-film deposition with minimum defects/disorders are equally important. Further, it is relevant to know whether conventional semiconductor processes, already known, would be useable directly or would require completely new technologies. Having found a likely candidate after such a screening, it would be necessary to identify a specific area of application against an existing list of materials available with special reference to cost reduction considerations in large-scale production. Various families of organic semiconductors are reviewed here, especially with the objective of using them in niche areas of large-area electronic displays, flexible organic electronics, and organic photovoltaic solar cells. While doing so, it appears feasible to improve mobility and stability by adjusting π-conjugation and modifying the energy band-gap. Higher conductivity nanocomposites, formed by blending with chemically conjugated C-allotropes and metal nanoparticles, open exciting methods of designing flexible contact/interconnects for organic and flexible electronics as can be seen from the discussion included here.

Czech Physical Planning at the Crossroads: Towards the Regulation of Large-Scale Retail Developments?

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Spilková ◽  
Radim Perlín
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Massive Development

The second half of the 1990s saw a dynamic development of Czech retailing and its spatial structure. Recent massive development of large-area commercial outlets in particular has revealed some problematic aspects and has also raised the question of whether their construction needs to be regulated. The role of local government in the decision processes concerning such developments is extremely weak and these processes are also complicated by a notably high level of bureaucracy. Although legislative documents proclaim the concept of sustainability as a key principle of future spatial development, its practical application will always depend on the will of the individual participants in the negotiation process. The authors argue that if a regulative approach to planning is chosen in the Czech Republic, planning offices must be respected bodies with enforceable rights and bound to act as strong authorities and effective agents of spatial plnning.

Accelerated Discovery of High-Refractive-Index Polyimides via First-Principles Molecular Modeling, Virtual High-Throughput Screening, and Data Mining

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atif Faiz Afzal ◽  
Mojtaba Haghighatlari ◽  
Sai Prasad Ganesh ◽  
Chong Cheng ◽  
Johannes Hachmann
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
First Principles ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
High Refractive Index ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Learning Program

<div>We present a high-throughput computational study to identify novel polyimides (PIs) with exceptional refractive index (RI) values for use as optic or optoelectronic materials. Our study utilizes an RI prediction protocol based on a combination of first-principles and data modeling developed in previous work, which we employ on a large-scale PI candidate library generated with the ChemLG code. We deploy the virtual screening software ChemHTPS to automate the assessment of this extensive pool of PI structures in order to determine the performance potential of each candidate. This rapid and efficient approach yields a number of highly promising leads compounds. Using the data mining and machine learning program package ChemML, we analyze the top candidates with respect to prevalent structural features and feature combinations that distinguish them from less promising ones. In particular, we explore the utility of various strategies that introduce highly polarizable moieties into the PI backbone to increase its RI yield. The derived insights provide a foundation for rational and targeted design that goes beyond traditional trial-and-error searches.</div>

Physical Failure Analysis Techniques for Front-End-of-Line Defect Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Doyle ◽  
Lawrence Benedict ◽  
Fritz Christian Awitan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Gate Oxide ◽  
Top Down ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
First Case ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission

Abstract Novel techniques to expose substrate-level defects are presented in this paper. New techniques such as inter-layer dielectric (ILD) thinning, high keV imaging, and XeF2 poly etch overflow are introduced. We describe these techniques as applied to two different defects types at FEOL. In the first case, by using ILD thinning and high keV imaging, coupled with focused ion beam (FIB) cross section and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM,) we were able to judge where to sample for TEM from a top down perspective while simultaneously providing the top down images giving both perspectives on the same sample. In the second case we show retention of the poly Si short after removal of CoSi2 formation on poly. Removal of the CoSi2 exposes the poly Si such that we can utilize XeF2 to remove poly without damaging gate oxide to reveal pinhole defects in the gate oxide. Overall, using these techniques have led to 1) increased chances of successfully finding the defects, 2) better characterization of the defects by having a planar view perspective and 3) reduced time in localizing defects compared to performing cross section alone.

The Medicinal Chemistry of Therapeutic Peptides: Recent Developments in Synthesis and Design Optimizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 2330-2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anutthaman Parthasarathy ◽  
Sasikala K. Anandamma ◽  
Karunakaran A. Kalesh
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recombinant Production ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Therapeutic Peptides ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Delivery Strategies

Peptide therapeutics has made tremendous progress in the past decade. Many of the inherent weaknesses of peptides which hampered their development as therapeutics are now more or less effectively tackled with recent scientific and technological advancements in integrated drug discovery settings. These include recent developments in synthetic organic chemistry, high-throughput recombinant production strategies, highresolution analytical methods, high-throughput screening options, ingenious drug delivery strategies and novel formulation preparations. Here, we will briefly describe the key methodologies and strategies used in the therapeutic peptide development processes with selected examples of the most recent developments in the field. The aim of this review is to highlight the viable options a medicinal chemist may consider in order to improve a specific pharmacological property of interest in a peptide lead entity and thereby rationally assess the therapeutic potential this class of molecules possesses while they are traditionally (and incorrectly) considered ‘undruggable’.

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