Application of a Glucose Dehydrogenase-Fused with Zinc Finger Protein to Label DNA Aptamers for the Electrochemical Detection of VEGF

Aptamer-based electrochemical sensors have gained attention in the context of developing a diagnostic biomarker detection method because of their rapid response, miniaturization ability, stability, and design flexibility. In such detection systems, enzymes are often used as labels to amplify the electrochemical signal. We have focused on glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) as a labeling enzyme for electrochemical detection owing to its high enzymatic activity, availability, and well-established electrochemical principle and platform. However, it is difficult and laborious to obtain one to one labeling of a GDH-aptamer complex with conventional chemical conjugation methods. In this study, we used GDH that was genetically fused to a DNA binding protein, i.e., zinc finger protein (ZF). Fused GDH can be attached to an aptamer spontaneously and site specifically in a buffer by exploiting the sequence-specific binding ability of ZF. Using such a fusion protein, we labeled a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-binding aptamer with GDH and detected the target electrochemically. As a result, upon the addition of glucose, the GDH labeled on the aptamer generated an amperometric signal, and the current response increased dependent on the VEGF concentration. Eventually, the developed electrochemical sensor proved to detect VEGF levels as low as 105 pM, thereby successfully demonstrating the concept of using ZF-fused GDH to enzymatically label aptamers.