scholarly journals Fault Detection, Isolation, Identification and Recovery (FDIIR) Methods for Automotive Perception Sensors Including a Detailed Literature Survey for Lidar

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Goelles ◽  
Birgit Schlager ◽  
Stefan Muckenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Sensor Cover ◽  
Single Sensor ◽  
Recovery Methods

Perception sensors such as camera, radar, and lidar have gained considerable popularity in the automotive industry in recent years. In order to reach the next step towards automated driving it is necessary to implement fault diagnosis systems together with suitable mitigation solutions in automotive perception sensors. This is a crucial prerequisite, since the quality of an automated driving function strongly depends on the reliability of the perception data, especially under adverse conditions. This publication presents a systematic review on faults and suitable detection and recovery methods for automotive perception sensors and suggests a corresponding classification schema. A systematic literature analysis has been performed with focus on lidar in order to review the state-of-the-art and identify promising research opportunities. Faults related to adverse weather conditions have been studied the most, but often without providing suitable recovery methods. Issues related to sensor attachment and mechanical damage of the sensor cover were studied very little and provide opportunities for future research. Algorithms, which use the data stream of a single sensor, proofed to be a viable solution for both fault detection and recovery.

Time Domain Analysis on Ship Maneuvering in Adverse Sea State

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjie Guo ◽  
Ruth Eivind ◽  
Håvard Austefjord ◽  
Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen ◽  
Olav Rognebakke
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Time Domain Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ship Maneuvering ◽  
Ship Maneuverability ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
The Time Domain

Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) introduced by the IMO Resolution MEPC.203 (62) has been the first initiative to regulate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships. However, it has raised serious concerns that some ship designers might choose to lower the installed power to achieve EEDI requirements not accounting satisfactorily for ship safety. This has encouraged investigations addressing the ability of ship to maintain maneuverability in adverse sea states. The Interim Guidelines proposed in 2013, in IMO Res. MEPC.232 (65), recommend minimum propulsion power to maintain ship maneuvering ability in adverse weather conditions for bulk carriers and tankers. These guidelines are mainly based on statistical analysis and equilibrium analysis in a steady state. Today, most of the available tools and methods handle ship responses in waves by separating it into seakeeping and maneuvering. The present study investigates ship maneuverability by use of a recently developed time domain code which combines the sea-keeping and maneuvering equation to predict ship responses in waves. In this way, better insight into ship responses in adverse conditions is obtained. The numerical results presented in the study are validated by model tests. The limitations of the time-domain code are discussed and future research needs are pointed out.

scholarly journals Correlation Between Strong Wind and Leisure Craft Grounding in Croatian Waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Toman ◽  
Đani Mohović ◽  
Mate Barić ◽  
Robert Mohović
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Light Wind ◽  
The Future

This paper examines the correlation between strong wind and the frequency of small leisure craft grounding by analysing the available data on maritime accidents in the Adriatic. The primary goal of this study was to verify the hypothesis from prior research that strong wind is the prime cause of groundings in certain areas of the Adriatic. Contrary to the conclusions of the prior research, the new analysis indicates a far more uniform spatial distribution of wind-caused grounding accidents across all the examined areas of Croatian Adriatic waters. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that most grounding accidents occur in light wind conditions, suggesting that groundings can predominantly be attributed to factors other than strong wind. Several important drawbacks of the analysis stemming from the lack of accurate data on accidents in Croatian waters are discussed and suggestions given for the improved collection thereof that would greatly contribute to the future research on this topic. The inability to determine the exact causes of particular accidents from available data makes it impossible to accurately establish the number of grounding accidents caused by strong wind. In the future, more detailed statistical data could improve our understanding of the correlation between adverse weather conditions and recreational vessel accidents in the Adriatic.

scholarly journals Automated driving recognition technologies for adverse weather conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Yoneda ◽  
Naoki Suganuma ◽  
Ryo Yanase ◽  
Mohammad Aldibaja
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Adverse Weather

Potential Impacts of Extreme Heat and Bushfires on Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-978
Author(s):  
Taya L. Farugia ◽  
Carla Cuni-Lopez ◽  
Anthony R. White
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia

Australia often experiences natural disasters and extreme weather conditions such as: flooding, sandstorms, heatwaves, and bushfires (also known as wildfires or forest fires). The proportion of the Australian population aged 65 years and over is increasing, alongside the severity and frequency of extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. Extreme heat can affect the entire population but particularly at the extremes of life, and patients with morbidities. Frequently identified as a vulnerable demographic in natural disasters, there is limited research on older adults and their capacity to deal with extreme heat and bushfires. There is a considerable amount of literature that suggests a significant association between mental disorders such as dementia, and increased vulnerability to extreme heat. The prevalence rate for dementia is estimated at 30%by age 85 years, but there has been limited research on the effects extreme heat and bushfires have on individuals living with dementia. This review explores the differential diagnosis of dementia, the Australian climate, and the potential impact Australia’s extreme heat and bushfires have on individuals from vulnerable communities including low socioeconomic status Indigenous and Non-Indigenous populations living with dementia, in both metropolitan and rural communities. Furthermore, we investigate possible prevention strategies and provide suggestions for future research on the topic of Australian bushfires and heatwaves and their impact on people living with dementia. This paper includes recommendations to ensure rural communities have access to appropriate support services, medical treatment, awareness, and information surrounding dementia.

scholarly journals Ship Handling in Unprotected Waters: A Review of New Technologies in Escort Tugs to Improve Safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Santiago Iglesias-Baniela ◽  
Juan Vinagre-Ríos ◽  
José M. Pérez-Canosa
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Hull Form ◽  
Best Available Technologies ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
New Type ◽  
Technological Challenge ◽  
And Performance

It is a well-known fact that the 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster caused the escort towing of laden tankers in many coastal areas of the world to become compulsory. In order to implement a new type of escort towing, specially designed to be employed in very adverse weather conditions, considerable changes in the hull form of escort tugs had to be made to improve their stability and performance. Since traditional winch and ropes technologies were only effective in calm waters, tugs had to be fitted with new devices. These improvements allowed the remodeled tugs to counterbalance the strong forces generated by the maneuvers in open waters. The aim of this paper is to perform a comprehensive literature review of the new high-performance automatic dynamic winches. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of the best available technologies regarding towline, essential to properly exploit the new winches, will be carried out. Through this review, the way in which the escort towing industry has faced this technological challenge is shown.

First encounter effects in testing of highly automated vehicles during two experimental occasions – The need for recurrent testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Andersson ◽  
Azra Habibovic ◽  
Daban Rizgary
Keyword(s):  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Over Time

Abstract To explore driver behavior in highly automated vehicles (HAVs), independent researchers are mainly conducting short experiments. This limits the ability to explore drivers’ behavioral changes over time, which is crucial when research has the intention to reveal human behavior beyond the first-time use. The current paper shows the methodological importance of repeated testing in experience and behavior related studies of HAVs. The study combined quantitative and qualitative data to capture effects of repeated interaction between drivers and HAVs. Each driver ( n = 8 n=8 ) participated in the experiment on two different occasions (∼90 minutes) with one-week interval. On both occasions, the drivers traveled approximately 40 km on a rural road at AstaZero proving grounds in Sweden and encountered various traffic situations. The participants could use automated driving (SAE level 4) or choose to drive manually. Examples of data collected include gaze behavior, perceived safety, as well as interviews and questionnaires capturing general impressions, trust and acceptance. The analysis shows that habituation effects were attenuated over time. The drivers went from being exhilarated on the first occasion, to a more neutral behavior on the second occasion. Furthermore, there were smaller variations in drivers’ self-assessed perceived safety on the second occasion, and drivers were faster to engage in non-driving related activities and become relaxed (e. g., they spent more time glancing off road and could focus more on non-driving related activities such as reading). These findings suggest that exposing drivers to HAVs on two (or more) successive occasions may provide more informative and realistic insights into driver behavior and experience as compared to only one occasion. Repeating an experiment on several occasions is of course a balance between the cost and added value, and future research should investigate in more detail which studies need to be repeated on several occasions and to what extent.

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