scholarly journals Creating the Internet of Augmented Things: An Open-Source Framework to Make IoT Devices and Augmented and Mixed Reality Systems Talk to Each Other

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar Blanco-Novoa ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽  
Miguel A. Vilar-Montesinos ◽  
Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Heterogeneous Technologies ◽  
Iot Devices

Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) devices have evolved significantly in the last years, providing immersive AR/MR experiences that allow users to interact with virtual elements placed on the real-world. However, to make AR/MR devices reach their full potential, it is necessary to go further and let them collaborate with the physical elements around them, including the objects that belong to the Internet of Things (IoT). Unfortunately, AR/MR and IoT devices usually make use of heterogeneous technologies that complicate their intercommunication. Moreover, the implementation of the intercommunication mechanisms requires involving specialized developers with have experience on the necessary technologies. To tackle such problems, this article proposes the use of a framework that makes it easy to integrate AR/MR and IoT devices, allowing them to communicate dynamically and in real time. The presented AR/MR-IoT framework makes use of standard and open-source protocols and tools like MQTT, HTTPS or Node-RED. After detailing the inner workings of the framework, it is illustrated its potential through a practical use case: a smart power socket that can be monitored and controlled through Microsoft HoloLens AR/MR glasses. The performance of such a practical use case is evaluated and it is demonstrated that the proposed framework, under normal operation conditions, enables to respond in less than 100 ms to interaction and data update requests.

scholarly journals Towards the Internet of Augmented Things: An Open-source Framework to Interconnect IoT Devices and Augmented Reality Systems

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar Blanco-Novoa ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽  
Miguel Vilar-Montesinos ◽  
Tiago Fernández-Caramés
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Physical World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Open Source Framework ◽  
Iot Devices

The latest Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) systems are able to provide innovative methods for user interaction, but their full potential can only be achieved when they are able to exchange bidirectional information with the physical world that surround them, including the objects that belong to the Internet of Things (IoT). The problem is that elements like AR display devices or IoT sensors/actuators often use heterogeneous technologies that make it difficult to intercommunicate them in an easy way, thus requiring a high degree of specialization to carry out such a task. This paper presents an open-source framework that eases the integration of AR and IoT devices as well as the transfer of information among them, both in real time and in a dynamic way. The proposed framework makes use of widely used standard protocols and open-source tools like MQTT, HTTPS or Node-RED. In order to illustrate the operation of the framework, this paper presents the implementation of a practical home automation example: an AR/MR application for energy consumption monitoring that allows for using a pair of Microsoft HoloLens smart glasses to interact with smart power outlets.

scholarly journals A Framework for Malicious Traffic Detection in IoT Healthcare Environment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3025
Author(s):  
Faisal Hussain ◽  
Syed Ghazanfar Abbas ◽  
Ghalib A. Shah ◽  
Ivan Miguel Pires ◽  
Ubaid U. Fayyaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
Healthcare Environment ◽  
Data Generator ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of things (IoT) has emerged as a topic of intense interest among the research and industrial community as it has had a revolutionary impact on human life. The rapid growth of IoT technology has revolutionized human life by inaugurating the concept of smart devices, smart healthcare, smart industry, smart city, smart grid, among others. IoT devices’ security has become a serious concern nowadays, especially for the healthcare domain, where recent attacks exposed damaging IoT security vulnerabilities. Traditional network security solutions are well established. However, due to the resource constraint property of IoT devices and the distinct behavior of IoT protocols, the existing security mechanisms cannot be deployed directly for securing the IoT devices and network from the cyber-attacks. To enhance the level of security for IoT, researchers need IoT-specific tools, methods, and datasets. To address the mentioned problem, we provide a framework for developing IoT context-aware security solutions to detect malicious traffic in IoT use cases. The proposed framework consists of a newly created, open-source IoT data generator tool named IoT-Flock. The IoT-Flock tool allows researchers to develop an IoT use-case comprised of both normal and malicious IoT devices and generate traffic. Additionally, the proposed framework provides an open-source utility for converting the captured traffic generated by IoT-Flock into an IoT dataset. Using the proposed framework in this research, we first generated an IoT healthcare dataset which comprises both normal and IoT attack traffic. Afterwards, we applied different machine learning techniques to the generated dataset to detect the cyber-attacks and protect the healthcare system from cyber-attacks. The proposed framework will help in developing the context-aware IoT security solutions, especially for a sensitive use case like IoT healthcare environment.

scholarly journals SAR.IoT: Secured Augmented Reality for IoT Devices Management

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6001
Author(s):  
Daniel Fuentes ◽  
Luís Correia ◽  
Nuno Costa ◽  
Arsénio Reis ◽  
João Barroso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Technological Solution ◽  
Industrial Laboratory ◽  
Research Environments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Output Information ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Currently, solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) concept are increasingly being adopted in several fields, namely, industry, agriculture, and home automation. The costs associated with this type of equipment is reasonably small, as IoT devices usually do not have output peripherals to display information about their status (e.g., a screen or a printer), although they may have informative LEDs, which is sometimes insufficient. For most IoT devices, the price of a minimalist display, to output and display the device’s running status (i.e., what the device is doing), might cost much more than the actual IoT device. Occasionally, it might become necessary to visualize the IoT device output, making it necessary to find solutions to show the hardware output information in real time, without requiring extra equipment, only what the administrator usually has with them. In order to solve the above, a technological solution that allows for the visualization of IoT device information in actual time, using augmented reality and a simple smartphone, was developed and analyzed. In addition, the system created integrates a security layer, at the level of AR, to secure the shown data from unwanted eyes. The results of the tests carried out allowed us to validate the operation of the solution when accessing the information of the IoT devices, verify the operation of the security layer in AR, analyze the interaction between smartphones, the platform, and the devices, and check which AR markers are most optimized for this use case. This work results in a secure augmented reality solution, which can be used with a simple smartphone, to monitor/manage IoT devices in industrial, laboratory or research environments.

scholarly journals Integrated Service Composition Approach Based on Transparent Access to Heterogeneous IoT Networks Using Multiple Service Providers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Wenquan Jin ◽  
Rongxu Xu ◽  
Sunhwan Lim ◽  
Dong-Hwan Park ◽  
Chanwon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Composition ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Representational State Transfer ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Heterogeneous Technologies ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Integrated Service

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the number of connected devices to be increased rapidly based on heterogeneous technologies such as platforms, frameworks, libraries, protocols, and standard specifications. Based on the connected devices, various applications can be developed by integrating domain-specific contents using the service composition for providing improved services. The management of the information including devices, contents, and composite objects is necessary to represent the physical objects on the Internet for accessing the IoT services transparently. In this paper, we propose an integrated service composition approach based on multiple service providers to provide improved IoT services by combining various service objects in heterogeneous IoT networks. In the proposed IoT architecture, each service provider provides web services based on Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API) that delivers information to the clients as well as other providers for integrating the information to provide new services. Through the REST APIs, the integration management provider combines the service result of the IoT service provider to other contents to provide improved services. Moreover, the interworking proxy is proposed to bridge heterogeneous IoT networks for enabling transparent access in the integrated services through proving protocol translating on the entry of the device networks. Therefore, the interworking proxy is deployed between the IoT service provider and device networks to enable clients to access heterogeneous IoT devices through the composited services transparently.

scholarly journals Autopolicy: Automated Traffic Policing for Improved IoT Network Security

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4265
Author(s):  
Pawel Foremski ◽  
Sławomir Nowak ◽  
Piotr Fröhlich ◽  
José Hernández-Ramos ◽  
Gianmarco Baldini
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Flexible Architecture ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Smart Home Appliances ◽  
Network Interfaces ◽  
General Operation

A 2.3Tbps DDoS attack was recently mitigated by Amazon, which is a new record after the 2018 GitHub attack, or the famous 2016 Dyn DNS attack launched from hundreds of thousands of hijacked Internet of Things (IoT) devices. These attacks may disrupt the lives of billions of people worldwide, as we increasingly rely on the Internet. In this paper, we tackle the problem that hijacked IoT devices are often the origin of these attacks. With the goal of protecting the Internet and local networks, we propose Autopolicy: a system that automatically limits the IP traffic bandwidth—and other network resources—available to IoT devices in a particular network. We make use of the fact that devices, such as sensors, cameras, and smart home appliances, rarely need their high-speed network interfaces for normal operation. We present a simple yet flexible architecture for Autopolicy, specifying its functional blocks, message sequences, and general operation in a Software Defined Network. We present the experimental validation results, and release a prototype open source implementation.

scholarly journals A Mechanism for Securing IoT-enabled Applications at the Fog Layer

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
Noshina Tariq ◽  
Thar Baker ◽  
Sohail Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Heterogeneous Technologies ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm branded by heterogeneous technologies composed of smart ubiquitous objects that are seamlessly connected to the Internet. These objects are deployed as Low power and Lossy Networks (LLN) to provide innovative services in various application domains such as smart cities, smart health, and smart communities. The LLN is a form of a network where the interconnected devices are highly resource-constrained (i.e., power, memory, and processing) and characterized by high loss rates, low data rates, and instability in the communication links. Additionally, IoT devices produce a massive amount of confidential and security-sensitive data. Various cryptographic-based techniques exist that can effectively cope with security attacks but are not suitable for IoT as they incur high consumption of resources (i.e., memory, storage and processing). One way to address this problem is by offloading the additional security-related operations to a more resourceful entity such as a fog-based node. Generally, fog computing enables security and analysis of latency-sensitive data directly at the network’s edge. This paper proposes a novel Fog Security Service (FSS) to provide end-to-end security at the fog layer for IoT devices using two well-established cryptographic schemes, identity-based encryption, and identity-based signature. The FSS provides security services such as authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation. The proposed architecture would be implemented and evaluated in an OPNET simulator using a single network topology with different traffic loads. The FSS performed better when compared with the APaaS and the legacy method.

scholarly journals HoloFlows: modelling of processes for the Internet of Things in mixed reality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Seiger ◽  
Romina Kühn ◽  
Mandy Korzetz ◽  
Uwe Aßmann
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Process Modelling ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
End User ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

AbstractOur everyday lives are increasingly pervaded by digital assistants and smart devices forming the Internet of Things (IoT). While user interfaces to directly monitor and control individual IoT devices are becoming more sophisticated and end-user friendly, applications to connect standalone IoT devices and create more complex IoT processes for automating and assisting users with repetitive tasks still require a high level of technical expertise and programming knowledge. Related approaches for process modelling in IoT mostly suggest extensions to complex modelling languages, require high levels of abstraction and technical knowledge, and rely on unintuitive tools. We present a novel approach for end-user oriented-no-code-IoT process modelling using Mixed Reality (MR) technology: HoloFlows. Users are able to explore the IoT environment and model processes among sensors and actuators as first-class citizens by simply “drawing” virtual wires among physical IoT devices. MR technology hereby facilitates the understanding of the physical contexts and relations among the IoT devices and provides a new and more intuitive way of modelling IoT processes. The results of a user study comparing HoloFlows with classical modelling approaches show an increased user experience and decrease in required modelling knowledge and technical expertise to create IoT processes.

scholarly journals Teaching and Learning IoT Cybersecurity and Vulnerability Assessment with Shodan through Practical Use Cases

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Vulnerability Assessments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Security Configuration ◽  
Case Based

Shodan is a search engine for exploring the Internet and thus finding connected devices. Its main use is to provide a tool for cybersecurity researchers and developers to detect vulnerable Internet-connected devices without scanning them directly. Due to its features, Shodan can be used for performing cybersecurity audits on Internet of Things (IoT) systems and devices used in applications that require to be connected to the Internet. The tool allows for detecting IoT device vulnerabilities that are related to two common cybersecurity problems in IoT: the implementation of weak security mechanisms and the lack of a proper security configuration. To tackle these issues, this article describes how Shodan can be used to perform audits and thus detect potential IoT-device vulnerabilities. For such a purpose, a use case-based methodology is proposed to teach students and users to carry out such audits and then make more secure the detected exploitable IoT devices. Moreover, this work details how to automate IoT-device vulnerability assessments through Shodan scripts. Thus, this article provides an introductory practical guide to IoT cybersecurity assessment and exploitation with Shodan.

scholarly journals An Interoperable Component-Based Architecture for Data-Driven IoT System

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4354
Author(s):  
Sin Kit Lo ◽  
Chee Sun Liew ◽  
Kok Soon Tey ◽  
Saad Mekhilef
Keyword(s):  
Operating Systems ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
Diverse Application ◽  
Data Volume ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) as a solution in diverse application domains has nurtured the expansion in the number of devices and data volume. Multiple platforms and protocols have been introduced and resulted in high device ubiquity and heterogeneity. However, currently available IoT architectures face challenges to accommodate the diversity in IoT devices or services operating under different operating systems and protocols. In this paper, we propose a new IoT architecture that utilizes the component-based design approach to create and define the loosely-coupled, standalone but interoperable service components for IoT systems. Furthermore, a data-driven feedback function is included as a key feature of the proposed architecture to enable a greater degree of system automation and to reduce the dependency on mankind for data analysis and decision-making. The proposed architecture aims to tackle device interoperability, system reusability and the lack of data-driven functionality issues. Using a real-world use case on a proof-of-concept prototype, we examined the viability and usability of the proposed architecture.

scholarly journals IoT-Flock: An Open-source Framework for IoT Traffic Generation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ghazanfar ◽  
Faisal Hussain ◽  
Atiq Ur Rehman ◽  
Ubaid U. Fayyaz ◽  
Farrukh Shahzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Use Case ◽  
The Real ◽  
Traffic Generator ◽  
Open Source Framework ◽  
Traffic Generation ◽  
Iot Devices

Abstract Network traffic generation is one of the primary techniques that is used to design and analyze the performance of network security systems. However, due to the diversity of IoT networks in terms of devices, applications and protocols, the traditional network traffic generator tools are unable to generate the IoT specific protocols traffic. Hence, the traditional traffic generator tools cannot be used for designing and testing the performance of IoT-specific security solutions. In order to design an IoT-based traffic generation framework, two main challenges include IoT device modelling and generating the IoT normal and attack traffic simultaneously. Therefore, in this work, we propose an open-source framework for IoT traffic generation which supports the two widely used IoT application layer protocols, i.e., MQTT and CoAP. The proposed framework allows a user to create an IoT use case, add customized IoT devices into it and generate normal and malicious IoT traffic over a real-time network. Furthermore, we set up a real-time IoT smart home use case to manifest the applicability of the proposed framework for developing the security solutions for IoT smart home by emulating the real world IoT devices. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can be effectively used to develop better security solutions for IoT networks without physically deploying the real-time use case.

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