scholarly journals Gaze Tracking and Point Estimation Using Low-Cost Head-Mounted Devices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1917
Author(s):  
Ko-Feng Lee ◽  
Yen-Lin Chen ◽  
Chao-Wei Yu ◽  
Kai-Yi Chin ◽  
Chen-Han Wu
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Estimation ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In this study, a head-mounted device was developed to track the gaze of the eyes and estimate the gaze point on the user’s visual plane. To provide a cost-effective vision tracking solution, this head-mounted device is combined with a sized endoscope camera, infrared light, and mobile phone; the devices are also implemented via 3D printing to reduce costs. Based on the proposed image pre-processing techniques, the system can efficiently extract and estimate the pupil ellipse from the camera module. A 3D eye model was also developed to effectively locate eye gaze points from extracted eye images. In the experimental results, average accuracy, precision, and recall rates of the proposed system can achieve an average of over 97%, which can demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed system. This study can be widely used in the Internet of Things, virtual reality, assistive devices, and human-computer interaction applications.

Approaches to the Design and Processing of Novel Titanium Alloys

2007 ◽  
Vol 29-30 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Colleen J. Bettles ◽  
Rimma Lapovok ◽  
H.P. Ng ◽  
Dacian Tomus ◽  
Barry C. Muddle
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Powder Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Shape Processing ◽  
New Processing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques

The range of commercial titanium alloys available is currently extremely restricted, with one alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and derivatives of it, accounting for a very large proportion of all applications. High performance alloys are costly to fabricate and limited to low-volume applications that can sustain the cost. With the emergence of new processing technologies that promise to reduce significantly the cost of production of titanium metal, especially in powder form, there is an emerging imperative for cost-effective near net shape powder processing techniques to permit the benefit of reduced metal cost to be passed on to higher-volume applications. Equally, there is a need for the design and development of new alloys that are intrinsically low-cost and lend themselves to fabrication by novel cost-effective net shape processing. The approaches that might be used to select, design and process both conventional alloys and novel alloy systems will be reviewed, with a focus on innovation in design of low-cost alloys amenable to new processing paths and increasingly tolerant of variability in composition.

A Gamification Update to the Taxonomy of Technology and Mental Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Madeline R. Marks ◽  
Amanda C. Tan ◽  
Clint Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mental Health Providers ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Mental health providers cannot ignore the importance of utilizing technology in this era of the internet of things. This chapter reaffirms the need for mental health providers and software developers to work in concert with each other when developing technology for mental health. The authors also articulate the importance of the patient and the patient's role in connecting technology to the equation. As researchers and practitioners, the goal should be to create technology that will encourage repeated and continuous use of said technology and not just technology acceptance in order to move the field forward toward the provision of low-cost, effective mental health services.

Low-cost fibre fabrication

1989 ◽  
Vol 329 (1603) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vapour Phase ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Made In

Fabrication based on the vapour-phase reaction technique has proven to be the most cost-effective method for producing low-loss optical fibres. This is particularly true for silica-based materials and is now being investigated for fluoride-based glasses. The advantages accrue not only from the purity possible but from the flexibility of the process. This enables complex refractive-index structures to be fabricated that allow enhanced system performance. Advances toward low-cost fabrication have been made in all major processing techniques during the past few years. A review of the current status is presented.

scholarly journals A Fully Open-Source Approach to Intelligent Edge Computing: AGILE’s Lesson

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1309
Author(s):  
Massimo Vecchio ◽  
Paolo Azzoni ◽  
Andreas Menychtas ◽  
Ilias Maglogiannis ◽  
Alexander Felfernig
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Quantified Self ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Industrial Iot ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In this paper, we describe the main outcomes of AGILE (acronym for “Adaptive Gateways for dIverse muLtiple Environments”), an EU-funded project that recently delivered a modular hardware and software framework conceived to address the fragmented market of embedded, multi-service, adaptive gateways for the Internet of Things (IoT). Its main goal is to provide a low-cost solution capable of supporting proof-of-concept implementations and rapid prototyping methodologies for both consumer and industrial IoT markets. AGILE allows developers to implement and deliver a complete (software and hardware) IoT solution for managing non-IP IoT devices through a multi-service gateway. Moreover, it simplifies the access of startups to the IoT market, not only providing an efficient and cost-effective solution for industries but also allowing end-users to customize and extend it according to their specific requirements. This flexibility is the result of the joint experience of established organizations in the project consortium already promoting the principles of openness, both at the software and hardware levels. We illustrate how the AGILE framework can provide a cost-effective yet solid and highly customizable, technological foundation supporting the configuration, deployment, and assessment of two distinct showcases, namely a quantified self application for individual consumers, and an air pollution monitoring station for industrial settings.

Design and Fabrication of Microfluidics Paper-Based Devices for Contaminant Detection Using aWax Printer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (16) ◽  
pp. 339-1-339-8
Author(s):  
Qiyue Liang ◽  
Min Zhao ◽  
George T. C. Chiu ◽  
Jan P. Allebach
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Microfluidic Device ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Minimum Width ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wax Printing ◽  
Multiple Devices ◽  
Processing Techniques

In this paper, we introduce an eight-channel paper-based microfluidic device that aims to detect multiple chemicals at once. The microfluidic device we propose is fabricated by wax printing on filter paper, which is trouble-free to handle, low cost, and easy to fabricate. As a hydrophobic material, wax (solid ink) defines the hydrophilic channels for testing. By using image processing techniques, we analyze the width change caused by heating of wax strokes and wax channels, which is a necessary step in the wax printing fabrications. In the same way, we test the minimum width of a channel that allows solutions to cross through and the minimum width of a barrier that is hydrophobic and blocks liquid flow. We also compare two different heating methods, the heat gun and the hot plate, by checking the wax channel width before and after heating based on our image processing pipeline. We conclude that a heat gun will be better for heating channels with relatively large widths. Using high resolution wax printing, we integrate multiple devices on a single paper, which makes this method very cost-effective. Lamination of wax-printed paper based devices is also analyzed, as leakage on the back side of paper is sometimes worth attention.

A Gamification Update to the Taxonomy of Technology and Mental Health

2018 ◽  
pp. 995-1005
Author(s):  
Madeline R. Marks ◽  
Amanda C. Tan ◽  
Clint Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mental Health Providers ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Mental health providers cannot ignore the importance of utilizing technology in this era of the “Internet of Things.” This chapter reaffirms the need for mental health providers and software developers to work in concert with each other when developing technology for mental health. We also articulate the importance of the patient and the patient's role in connecting technology into the equation. As researchers and practitioners, the goal should be to create technology that will encourage repeated and continuous use of said technology, and not just technology acceptance in order to move the field forward toward the provision of low-cost, effective mental health services.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Visible Light Communications System Based on Organic Photodetection for Transmitting Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Pablo Corral ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez-Mas ◽  
José Luis Alonso ◽  
Juan Carlos Ferrer ◽  
Susana Fernández de Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Visible Light Communications ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Organic Photodetectors ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Communications System

In Visible Light Communication (VLC) Systems, data are transmitted by modulating light from an illumination source, that could be an ordinary lamp or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Photovoltaic cells based on massive heterojunctions of semiconductor polymers have focused the attention of researchers due to several potential advantages over their inorganic counterparts, such as simplicity, low cost and the ability to process large area devices even on flexible substrates. In this paper, we use commercial LEDs in transmission and organic photodetectors (OPD) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend used as active layer in reception. We have fabricated and characterized the I-V curve and the Bit Error Rate (BER) response of the OPD using low cost processing techniques and we have used an Atmel 8-bit microcontroller in order to control the electronics to transmit and modulate the signal. Finally, in this work, we have developed and characterized organic photodetectors in a low cost visible light communications system capable of transmitting an image file in real-time, as a proof of concept that is cost effective, since the whole system was implemented using low cost components. You can find more information in the supplementary materials.

scholarly journals Smart Phone based Cost Effective Visitor Management System for Smart Offices

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Santhosha Rao ◽  
Smitha A ◽  
Kunal Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Wireless Transmitter ◽  
Display Unit ◽  
The Internet Of Things

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">In recent years, the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has kick started the home and office automation in a very rapid manner. The paper demonstrates a cost effective implementation of an IoT system for managing the visitors in an office environment. The automation system comprises low cost NodeMCU based Wireless Transmitter, NodeMCU based Wireless Display Unit and an android mobile phone. The mobile phone also serves as wireless Access Point to which the Wireless Transmitter and the Wireless Display Units are wirelessly connected for exchanging the messages using UDP protocol. The Wireless Transmitter and the Wireless Display Units are kept in the visitor’s waiting area. The consulting person possesses an android mobile phone in which the automation software is installed. The visitor enters a message using the Wireless Transmitter and notes down the acknowledgement token number sent by the automation software. When the consulting person checks this message, the same token number is sent to the Wireless Display Unit signaling the visitor to consult the person. </span></p>

A REMOTE GAZE TRACKING SYSTEM USING GRAY-DISTRIBUTION-BASED VIDEO PROCESSING

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hui Yang ◽  
Jian-De Sun ◽  
Ju Liu ◽  
Xin-Chao Li ◽  
Cai-Xia Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Processing ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Gaze

Gaze tracking has drawn increasing attention and applied wildly in the areas of disabled aids, medical diagnosis, etc. In this paper, a remote gaze tracking system is proposed. The system is video-based, and the video is captured under the illumination of near infrared light sources. Only one camera is employed in the system, which keeps the equipment portable for the users. The corneal glints and the pupil center, whose extraction accuracy determines the performance of the gaze tracking system, are obtained according to the gray distribution of the video frame. And then, the positions of the points on the screen that the user fixating are estimated by the gaze tracking algorithm based on cross-ratio-invariant. Additionally, a calibration procedure is necessary to eliminate the error produced by the deviation of the optical and visual axes. The proposed remote gaze tracking system has a low computational complexity and high robustness, and experiment results indicate that it is tolerant of head movement and still works well for users wearing glasses as well. Besides, the angle error of the gaze tracking system is 0.40 degree of the subjects without glasses, correspondingly, 0.48 degree of the subjects with glasses, which is comparable to most of the existing commercial systems and promising for most of the potential practical applications.

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