scholarly journals Analytical Modeling for a Video-Based Vehicle Speed Measurement Framework

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Dahl ◽  
Saleh Javadi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Proposed Model

Traffic analyses, particularly speed measurements, are highly valuable in terms of road safety and traffic management. In this paper, an analytical model is presented to measure the speed of a moving vehicle using an off-the-shelf video camera. The method utilizes the temporal sampling rate of the camera and several intrusion lines in order to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of a vehicle’s speed. The proposed model provides not only an accurate estimate of the speed, but also the possibility of being able to study the performance boundaries with respect to the camera frame rate as well as the placement and number of intrusion lines in advance. This analytical model is verified by comparing its PDF outputs with the results obtained via a simulation of the corresponding movements. In addition, as a proof-of-concept, the proposed model is implemented for a video-based vehicle speed measurement system. The experimental results demonstrate the model’s capability in terms of taking accurate measurements of the speed via a consideration of the temporal sampling rate and lowering the deviation by utilizing more intrusion lines. The analytical model is highly versatile and can be used as the core of various video-based speed measurement systems in transportation and surveillance applications.

A New Analytical Model of UMTS Cell

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Stasiak ◽  
Sławomir Hanczewski
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
New Model ◽  
Radio Interface ◽  
Proposed Model

Abstract This paper discusses a new analytical model of the WCDMA radio interface. The proposed model is based on Erlang’s Ideal Grading with multi-rate traffic and different availability characteristics. Thanks to the application this model, it is possible in the proposed model to take into consideration not only the influence of interference from different cells, but also different traffic management mechanisms. The operation of the new model is presented with the example of the WCDMA interface in which selected classes of calls have introduced traffic constraint. The proposed model is characterized by its simplicity, while the results obtained with its application are characterized by accuracy that is acceptable for the model to be used in engineering calculations.

scholarly journals Adaptive Real-Time Routing Protocol for (m,k)-Firm in Industrial Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beom-Su Kim ◽  
Sangdae Kim ◽  
Kyong Hoon Kim ◽  
Tae-Eung Sung ◽  
Babar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
Wireless Multimedia ◽  
Multimedia Sensor Networks ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Event Information ◽  
Firm Model

Many applications are able to obtain enriched information by employing a wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) in industrial environments, which consists of nodes that are capable of processing multimedia data. However, as many aspects of WMSNs still need to be refined, this remains a potential research area. An efficient application needs the ability to capture and store the latest information about an object or event, which requires real-time multimedia data to be delivered to the sink timely. Motivated to achieve this goal, we developed a new adaptive QoS routing protocol based on the (m,k)-firm model. The proposed model processes captured information by employing a multimedia stream in the (m,k)-firm format. In addition, the model includes a new adaptive real-time protocol and traffic handling scheme to transmit event information by selecting the next hop according to the flow status as well as the requirement of the (m,k)-firm model. Different from the previous approach, two level adjustment in routing protocol and traffic management are able to increase the number of successful packets within the deadline as well as path setup schemes along the previous route is able to reduce the packet loss until a new path is established. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes are able to improve the stream dynamic success ratio and network lifetime compared to previous work by meeting the requirement of the (m,k)-firm model regardless of the amount of traffic.

scholarly journals Simulation and measurement of air quality in the traffic congestion area

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Yu ◽  
Chang Tang Chang ◽  
Chih Ming Ma
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Fluid Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

AbstractThe traffic congestion in the Hsuehshan tunnel and at the Toucheng interchange has led to traffic-related air pollution with increasing concern. To ensure the authenticity of our simulation, the concentration of the last 150 m in Hsuehshan tunnel was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics fluid model. The air quality at the Toucheng interchange along a 2 km length highway was simulated using the California Line Source Dispersion Model. The differences in air quality between rush hours and normal traffic conditions were also investigated. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with installed PM2.5 sensors was developed to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of pollutants. On different roads, during the weekend, the concentrations of pollutants such as SOx, CO, NO, and PM2.5 were observed to be in the range of 0.003–0.008, 7.5–15, 1.5–2.5 ppm, and 40–80 μg m− 3, respectively. On weekdays, the vehicle speed and the natural wind were 60 km h− 1 and 2.0 m s− 1, respectively. On weekdays, the SOx, CO, NO, and PM2.5 concentrations were found to be in the range of 0.002–0.003, 3–9, 0.7–1.8 ppm, and 35–50 μg m− 3, respectively. The UAV was used to verify that the PM2.5 concentrations of vertical changes at heights of 9.0, 7.0, 5.0, and 3.0 m were 45–48, 30–35, 25–30, and 50–52 μg m− 3, respectively. In addition, the predicted PM2.5 concentrations were 40–45, 25–30, 45–48, and 45–50 μg m− 3 on weekdays. These results provide a reference model for environmental impact assessments of long tunnels and traffic jam-prone areas. These models and data are useful for transportation planners in the context of creating traffic management plans.

scholarly journals Lane Departure Warning Estimation Using Yaw Acceleration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Em Poh Ping ◽  
J. Hossen ◽  
Wong Eng Kiong
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Lane Departure Warning ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Lane Departure ◽  
Proposed Model

AbstractLane departure collisions have contributed to the traffic accidents that cause millions of injuries and tens of thousands of casualties per year worldwide. Due to vision-based lane departure warning limitation from environmental conditions that affecting system performance, a model-based vehicle dynamics framework is proposed for estimating the lane departure event by using vehicle dynamics responses. The model-based vehicle dynamics framework mainly consists of a mathematical representation of 9-degree of freedom system, which permitted to pitch, roll, and yaw as well as to move in lateral and longitudinal directions with each tire allowed to rotate on its axle axis. The proposed model-based vehicle dynamics framework is created with a ride model, Calspan tire model, handling model, slip angle, and longitudinal slip subsystems. The vehicle speed and steering wheel angle datasets are used as the input in vehicle dynamics simulation for predicting lane departure event. Among the simulated vehicle dynamic responses, the yaw acceleration response is observed to provide earlier insight in predicting the future lane departure event compared to other vehicle dynamics responses. The proposed model-based vehicle dynamics framework had shown the effectiveness in estimating lane departure using steering wheel angle and vehicle speed inputs.

Color image analysis for vehicle speed measurement

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yean-Jye Lu ◽  
Xidong Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Color Image Analysis ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Monochrome Image

Image analysis for traffic data collection has been studied throughout the world for more than a decade. A survey of existing systems shows that research was focused mainly on the monochrome image analysis and that the field of color image analysis was rarely studied. With the application of color image analysis in mind, this paper proposes a new algorithm for vehicle speed measurement in daytime. The new algorithm consists of four steps: (i) image input, (ii) pixel analysis, (iii) single image analysis, and (iv) image sequence analysis. It has three significant advantages. First, the algorithm can distinguish the shadows caused by moving vehicles outside the detection area from the actual vehicles passing through the area, which is a difficult problem for the monochrome image analysis technique to handle. Second, the algorithm significantly reduces the image data to be processed; thus only a personal computer is required without the addition of any special hardware. The third advantage is the flexible placement of detection spots at any position in the camera's field of view. The accuracy of the algorithm is also discussed. Key words: speed measurement, vehicle detection, image analysis, image processing, traffic control, traffic measurement and road traffic.

scholarly journals A support vector machine with the tabu search algorithm for freeway incident detection

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baozhen Yao ◽  
Ping Hu ◽  
Mingheng Zhang ◽  
Maoqing Jin
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Tabu Search ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Incident Detection ◽  
Tabu Search Algorithm ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Parameter Values

Abstract Automated Incident Detection (AID) is an important part of Advanced Traffic Management and Information Systems (ATMISs). An automated incident detection system can effectively provide information on an incident, which can help initiate the required measure to reduce the influence of the incident. To accurately detect incidents in expressways, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used in this paper. Since the selection of optimal parameters for the SVM can improve prediction accuracy, the tabu search algorithm is employed to optimize the SVM parameters. The proposed model is evaluated with data for two freeways in China. The results show that the tabu search algorithm can effectively provide better parameter values for the SVM, and SVM models outperform Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in freeway incident detection.

scholarly journals Cerebral CT Perfusion in Acute Stroke: The Effect of Lowering the Tube Load and Sampling Rate on the Reproducibility of Parametric Maps

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Georgios S. Ioannidis ◽  
Søren Christensen ◽  
Katerina Nikiforaki ◽  
Eleftherios Trivizakis ◽  
Kostas Perisinakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Ct Perfusion ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Parametric Maps

The aim of this study was to define lower dose parameters (tube load and temporal sampling) for CT perfusion that still preserve the diagnostic efficiency of the derived parametric maps. Ninety stroke CT examinations from four clinical sites with 1 s temporal sampling and a range of tube loads (mAs) (100–180) were studied. Realistic CT noise was retrospectively added to simulate a CT perfusion protocol, with a maximum reduction of 40% tube load (mAs) combined with increased sampling intervals (up to 3 s). Perfusion maps from the original and simulated protocols were compared by: (a) similarity using a voxel-wise Pearson’s correlation coefficient r with in-house software; (b) volumetric analysis of the infarcted and hypoperfused volumes using commercial software. Pearson’s r values varied for the different perfusion metrics from 0.1 to 0.85. The mean slope of increase and cerebral blood volume present the highest r values, remaining consistently above 0.7 for all protocol versions with 2 s sampling interval. Reduction of the sampling rate from 2 s to 1 s had only modest impacts on a TMAX volume of 0.4 mL (IQR −1–3) (p = 0.04) and core volume of −1.1 mL (IQR −4–0) (p < 0.001), indicating dose savings of 50%, with no practical loss of diagnostic accuracy. The lowest possible dose protocol was 2 s temporal sampling and a tube load of 100 mAs.

scholarly journals Analytical Model for Estimating the Impact of Changing the Nominal Power Parameter in LTE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
A. B. Vallejo-Mora ◽  
M. Toril ◽  
S. Luna-Ramírez ◽  
M. Regueira ◽  
S. Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Radio Resource Management ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Power Parameter ◽  
Management Procedure ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Impact

UpLink Power Control (ULPC) is a key radio resource management procedure in mobile networks. In this paper, an analytical model for estimating the impact of increasing the nominal power parameter in the ULPC algorithm for the Physical Uplink Shared CHannel (PUSCH) in Long Term Evolution (LTE) is presented. The aim of the model is to predict the effect of changing the nominal power parameter in a cell on the interference and Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) of that cell and its neighbors from network statistics. Model assessment is carried out by means of a field trial where the nominal power parameter is increased in some cells of a live LTE network. Results show that the proposed model achieves reasonable estimation accuracy, provided uplink traffic does not change significantly.

An analytical model for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-57
Author(s):  
Tuan A. Pham ◽  
Melis Sutman
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Stress Equilibrium ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Multi Phase

The prediction of shear strength for unsaturated soils remains to be a significant challenge due to their complex multi-phase nature. In this paper, a review of prior experimental studies is firstly carried out to present important pieces of evidence, limitations, and some design considerations. Next, an overview of the existing shear strength equations is summarized with a brief discussion. Then, a micromechanical model with stress equilibrium conditions and multi-phase interaction considerations is presented to provide a new equation for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils. The validity of the proposed model is examined for several published shear strength data of different soil types. It is observed that the shear strength predicted by the analytical model is in good agreement with the experimental data, and get high performance compared to the existing models. The evaluation of the outcomes with two criteria, using average relative error and the normalized sum of squared error, proved the effectiveness and validity of the proposed equation. Using the proposed equation, the nonlinear relationship between shear strength, saturation degree, volumetric water content, and matric suction are observed.

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