scholarly journals Architecting and Deploying IoT Smart Applications: A Performance–Oriented Approach

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Zyrianoff ◽  
Alexandre Heideker ◽  
Dener Silva ◽  
João Kleinschmidt ◽  
Juha-Pekka Soininen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Software Components ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Software Platforms ◽  
Cloud Datacenter ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Layered Architectures ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
A Performance

Layered internet of things (IoT) architectures have been proposed over the last years as they facilitate understanding the roles of different networking, hardware, and software components of smart applications. These are inherently distributed, spanning from devices installed in the field up to a cloud datacenter and further to a user smartphone, passing by intermediary stages at different levels of fog computing infrastructure. However, IoT architectures provide almost no hints on where components should be deployed. IoT Software Platforms derived from the layered architectures are expected to adapt to scenarios with different characteristics, requirements, and constraints from stakeholders and applications. In such a complex environment, a one-size-fits-all approach does not adapt well to varying demands and may hinder the adoption of IoT Smart Applications. In this paper, we propose a 5-layer IoT Architecture and a 5-stage IoT Computing Continuum, as well as provide insights on the mapping of software components of the former into physical locations of the latter. Also, we conduct a performance analysis study with six configurations where components are deployed into different stages. Our results show that different deployment configurations of layered components into staged locations generate bottlenecks that affect system performance and scalability. Based on that, policies for static deployment and dynamic migration of layered components into staged locations can be identified.

A model to account for the consequences of host nutrition on the outcome of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep: model evaluation

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (9) ◽  
pp. 1279-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. VAGENAS ◽  
S. C. BISHOP ◽  
I. KYRIAZAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Sheep Model ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Nutritional Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThis paper describes sensitivity analyses and expectations obtained from a mathematical model developed to account for the effects of host nutrition on the consequences of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep. The scenarios explored included different levels of parasitic challenge at different planes of nutrition, for hosts differing only in their characteristics for growth. The model was able to predict the consequences of host nutrition on the outcome of parasitism, in terms of worm burden, number of eggs excreted per gram faeces and animal performance. The model outputs predict that conclusions on the ability of hosts of different characteristics for growth to cope with parasitism (i.e. resistance) depend on the plane of nutrition. Furthermore, differences in the growth rate of sheep, on their own, are not sufficient to account for differences in the observed resistance of animals. The model forms the basis for evaluating the consequences of differing management strategies and environments, such as breeding for certain traits associated with resistance and nutritional strategies, on the consequences of gastrointestinal parasitism on sheep.

scholarly journals Efecto de la Escolarización en la Producción de Relaciones Causales y Contracausales: Evidencia Psicolingüística para el Ámbito Educativo

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mariel Zunino
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Different Levels

In order to promote the practical application of psycholinguistic data in educational fields and expecting that this transfer would enhance the development of both the pedagogical field and the investigation in experimental psycholinguistics, we present two experiments to analyse the production of semantic relations in discourse, especially the causality/countercausality dimension. We found that the pattern of causal advantage is cross-wise and consistent in subjects with different levels of formal education, so it could be a suitable scaffold to develop other aspects of discourse comprehension and production. We compare our results with previous findings about discourse comprehension and interpret the data in the framework of educational processes. To use of empirical evidence about language processing on educational fields allows not only to review specific issues such as the characteristics of teaching materials, but also to improve educational process in a comprehensive way, making possible to adapt different approaches to populations with different characteristics.

Performance-Based Adaptive Automation: Number of Task Types and Response Time Measures Triggering Level of Automation Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Gloria Calhoun ◽  
Heath Ruff ◽  
Elizabeth Frost ◽  
Sarah Bowman ◽  
Jessica Bartik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Time ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Automation ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Task Types ◽  
A Performance

A key challenge facing automation designers is how to achieve an ideal balance of system automation with human interaction for optimal operator decision making and system performance. A performance-based adaptive automation algorithm was evaluated with two versus six monitored task types. Results illustrate the importance of level of automation choices in control schemes.

Software Components

2010 ◽  
pp. 351-363
Author(s):  
Adnan Bader ◽  
Sita Ramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Trust Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software Components ◽  
Object Oriented Design ◽  
Development Lifecycle ◽  
Software Development Lifecycle ◽  
Component Based Software Engineering ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Component-based software engineering (CBSE) has rapidly gained currency over recent years. Software developed as components and as assemblies of components has realised the reuse slogan originally associated with object-oriented design. In this chapter we define what software components are along with their different characteristics and classifications. We also cover the widely debated definitions of software components to emphasise the fact that components possess different properties that can mean different things to different people. We discuss the impact of using components on the software development lifecycle and review a number of different approaches developed to procure and integrate components in software systems. Finally, the risks associated with using software components are discussed in detail with along with a trust model. Trends in CBSE research are discussed towards the end to explore some potential areas of future research.

scholarly journals Towards a Fog-Enabled Intelligent Transportation System to Reduce Traffic Jam

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso A. R. L. Brennand ◽  
Geraldo P. Rocha Filho ◽  
Guilherme Maia ◽  
Felipe Cunha ◽  
Daniel L. Guidoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Processing Load ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Planning Time ◽  
Traffic Jam ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Stop Time ◽  
Communication Evaluation ◽  
Different Characteristics

Frustrations, monetary losses, lost time, high fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions are some of the problems caused by traffic jams in urban centers. In an attempt to solve this problem, this article proposes a traffic service to control congestion, named FOXS–Fast Offset Xpath Service. FOXS aims to reduce the problems generated by a traffic jam in a distributed way through roads classification and the suggestion of new routes to vehicles. Unlike the related works, FOXS is modeled using the Fog computing paradigm. Therefore, it is possible to take advantage of the inherent aspects of this paradigm, such as low latency, processing load balancing, scalability, geographical correlation and the reduction of bandwidth usage. In order to validate FOXS, our performance evaluation considers two realistic urban scenarios with different characteristics. When compared with related works, FOXS shows a reduction in stop time by up to 70%, the CO 2 emissions by up to 29% and, the planning time index by up to 49%. When considering communication evaluation metrics, FOXS reaches a better result than other solutions on the packet collisions metric (up to 11.5%) and on the application delay metric (up to 30%).

Introduction: categorization, cleverness and consciousness

1985 ◽  
Vol 308 (1135) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Object Identity ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
Categorical Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Levels

Various recurring themes in the history of the subject are reviewed. In the context of adaptation to a complex environment, one precondition for survival must be a capacity for object identity, which may be the most basic form of categorization. Evidence will be presented that suggests that the capacity is not learned. In considering learned associations among categorized items, a distinction is made between reflexive and reflective processes: that is between those associations in which a cue or signal provides an unambiguous route to the response, no matter how complex that route may be, in contrast to those in which learned information must be ordered and reordered ‘in thought'. An example of one experimental approach to the latter is provided. Finally, the problem of conscious awareness is considered in terms of stored categorical knowledge and associations, on the one hand, and a system that monitors them, on the other. Neurological evidence of disconnections between these different levels is reviewed.

scholarly journals Virtual to Real Adaptation of Pedestrian Detectors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5250
Author(s):  
Luca Ciampi ◽  
Nicola Messina ◽  
Fabrizio Falchi ◽  
Claudio Gennaro ◽  
Giuseppe Amato
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Real World ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Pedestrian Detection ◽  
Synthetic Dataset ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
General Object ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
A Performance

Pedestrian detection through Computer Vision is a building block for a multitude of applications. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in convolutional neural network-based architectures to execute such a task. One of these supervised networks’ critical goals is to generalize the knowledge learned during the training phase to new scenarios with different characteristics. A suitably labeled dataset is essential to achieve this purpose. The main problem is that manually annotating a dataset usually requires a lot of human effort, and it is costly. To this end, we introduce ViPeD (Virtual Pedestrian Dataset), a new synthetically generated set of images collected with the highly photo-realistic graphical engine of the video game GTA V (Grand Theft Auto V), where annotations are automatically acquired. However, when training solely on the synthetic dataset, the model experiences a Synthetic2Real domain shift leading to a performance drop when applied to real-world images. To mitigate this gap, we propose two different domain adaptation techniques suitable for the pedestrian detection task, but possibly applicable to general object detection. Experiments show that the network trained with ViPeD can generalize over unseen real-world scenarios better than the detector trained over real-world data, exploiting the variety of our synthetic dataset. Furthermore, we demonstrate that with our domain adaptation techniques, we can reduce the Synthetic2Real domain shift, making the two domains closer and obtaining a performance improvement when testing the network over the real-world images.

A Process for Usability Testing of Lifesaving Equipment

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1093-1097
Author(s):  
William Porter ◽  
Carin Kosmoski ◽  
Rohan Fernando
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
User Preference ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Usability Assessment ◽  
Breathing Apparatus ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Research Questions

Usability for any product, and especially for a lifesaving device, is critical in that the users will be interacting with the device in a highly stressful and complex environment. This study examined self- contained breathing apparatus (SCBAs) and conducted a usability assessment of these SCBAs with refill stations as it pertains to mine escape. Data was collected examining three usability topic areas (effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction) and eight constructs within these topic areas (completeness, accuracy, time requirements, overall satisfaction, discomfort, ease of use, system performance, and user preference). This paper documents the usability framework adopted and the methodology used to answer the research questions of the study and includes sample results and discussion. The methodology presented can be modified and used to test other lifesaving technologies to compare the usability of the devices and to estimate the ability of the devices to function as expected in a lifesaving situation.

SOFTWARE RESOURCE ARCHITECTURE

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 407-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. WOODSIDE
Keyword(s):  
Software Architecture ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Software Architectures ◽  
Software Components ◽  
Special Software ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Description Languages ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Performance is determined by a system's resources and its workload. Some of the resources are software resources which are an aspect of the software architecture; some of them are even created by the software behaviour. This paper describes software resources and resource architecture, and shows how resource architecture can be determined from software architecture and behaviour. The resource architecture is distinct from views of software architecture which describe software components, but it is related to the so-called "execution view" of architecture. The paper considers how resource architecture emerges during design, the relationship of software and hardware resources, some classes of resource architecture, and what they can tell us about system performance. Other uses of resource architecture are, to analyze deadlocks, to understand special software architectures developed for demanding situations, and to analyze how subsystems fit together when they share resources. Resource architecture can be described using description languages (ADLs) developed for software architecture.

scholarly journals Autonomic Fog Computing: Towards Sustainable and Reliable Integration of Cloud & Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S) ◽  
pp. 970-979
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Challenging Issue ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Day By Day

With the growth of IoT based applications day by day huge volume of data is generated, which becomes a challenging issue for researchers. Fog computing is seem to be an effective solution for managing huge volume of data which is mainly security critical and time sensitive produced by IoT devices or sensors. In this paper we first present an integration of cloud and IoT as substantial number of application scenarios empowered by their Integration and discuss threats challenges & existing solutions related to it. Followed by this, we discussed fog computing which supports the integration of cloud and IoT, further the issues related to fog has been explored. We proposed a concept of self-awareness in Fog computing termed as Autonomic Fog Computing. Autonomic fog computing is introducing the features of Self-management and hence increase the efficiency and enhance the overall system performance.

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