scholarly journals Flexible Temperature Sensor Integration into E-Textiles Using Different Industrial Yarn Fabrication Processes

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasindu Lugoda ◽  
Julio C. Costa ◽  
Carlos Oliveira ◽  
Leonardo A. Garcia-Garcia ◽  
Sanjula D. Wickramasinghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Double Covering ◽  
Sensor Integration ◽  
Flexible Sensors ◽  
Smart Textile ◽  
Integration Techniques ◽  
Covering Method ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Effective Sensitivity

Textiles enhanced with thin-film flexible sensors are well-suited for unobtrusive monitoring of skin parameters due to the sensors’ high conformability. These sensors can be damaged if they are attached to the surface of the textile, also affecting the textiles’ aesthetics and feel. We investigate the effect of embedding flexible temperature sensors within textile yarns, which adds a layer of protection to the sensor. Industrial yarn manufacturing techniques including knit braiding, braiding, and double covering were utilised to identify an appropriate incorporation technique. The thermal time constants recorded by all three sensing yarns was <10 s. Simultaneously, effective sensitivity only decreased by a maximum of 14% compared to the uncovered sensor. This is due to the sensor being positioned within the yarn instead of being in direct contact with the measured surface. These sensor yarns were not affected by bending and produced repeatable measurements. The double covering method was observed to have the least impact on the sensors’ performance due to the yarn’s smaller dimensions. Finally, a sensing yarn was incorporated in an armband and used to measure changes in skin temperature. The demonstrated textile integration techniques for flexible sensors using industrial yarn manufacturing processes enable large-scale smart textile fabrication.

scholarly journals A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Naseer ◽  
Ants Kallaste ◽  
Bilal Asad ◽  
Toomas Vaimann ◽  
Anton Rassõlkin
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
One Step ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

This paper presents current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines. Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. AM offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques. AM has a lot to offer in every aspect of machine fabrication, such that from size/weight reduction to the realization of complex geometric designs. However, some practical limitations of existing AM techniques restrict their utilization in large scale production industry. The introduction of three-dimensional asymmetry in machine design is an aspect that can be exploited most with the prevalent level of research in AM. In order to take one step further towards the enablement of large-scale production of AM-built electrical machines, this paper also discusses some machine types which can best utilize existing developments in the field of AM.

scholarly journals Hierarchically patterned self-powered sensors for multifunctional tactile sensing

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (34) ◽  
pp. eabb9083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Heting Wu ◽  
Lin Xu ◽  
Hainan Zhang ◽  
Ya Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Tactile Sensing ◽  
Material Identification ◽  
Flexible Sensors ◽  
Temperature Stimulus ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Multifunctional Sensor

Flexible sensors are highly desirable for tactile sensing and wearable devices. Previous researches of smart elements have focused on flexible pressure or temperature sensors. However, realizing material identification remains a challenge. Here, we report a multifunctional sensor composed of hydrophobic films and graphene/polydimethylsiloxane sponges. By engineering and optimizing sponges, the fabricated sensor exhibits a high-pressure sensitivity of >15.22 per kilopascal, a fast response time of <74 millisecond, and a high stability over >3000 cycles. In the case of temperature stimulus, the sensor exhibits a temperature-sensing resolution of 1 kelvin via the thermoelectric effect. The sensor can generate output voltage signals after physical contact with different flat materials based on contact-induced electrification. The corresponding signals can be, in turn, used to infer material properties. This multifunctional sensor is excellent in its low cost and material identification, which provides a design concept for meeting the challenges in functional electronics.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in Manufacturing Techniques of Printed and Flexible Sensors: A Review

Biosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Dinesh Maddipatla ◽  
Binu B. Narakathu ◽  
Massood Atashbar
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Materials Characterization ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Flexible Sensors ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Printed Sensors ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Work Done

This review provides an outlook on some of the significant research work done on printed and flexible sensors. Printed sensors fabricated on flexible platforms such as paper, plastic and textiles have been implemented for wearable applications in the biomedical, defense, food, and environmental industries. This review discusses the materials, characterization methods, and fabrication methods implemented for the development of the printed and flexible sensors. The applications, challenges faced and future opportunities for the printed and flexible sensors are also presented in this review.

scholarly journals Printed and Flexible Microheaters Based on Carbon Nanotubes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1879
Author(s):  
Aniello Falco ◽  
Francisco J. Romero ◽  
Florin C. Loghin ◽  
Alina Lyuleeva ◽  
Markus Becherer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Flexible Sensors ◽  
Manufacturing Method

This work demonstrates a cost-effective manufacturing method of flexible and fully printed microheaters, using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the heating element. Two different structures with different number of CNT layers have been characterized in detail. The benchmarking has been carried out in terms of maximum operating temperature, as well as nominal resistance and input power for different applied voltages. Their performances have been compared with previous reports for similar devices, fabricated with other technologies. The results have shown that the heaters presented can achieve high temperatures in a small area at lower voltages and lower input power. In particular, the fully printed heaters fabricated on a flexible substrate covering an area of 3.2 mm2 and operating at 9.5 V exhibit a maximum temperature point above 70 °C with a power consumption below 200 mW. Therefore, we have demonstrated that this technology paves the way for a cost-effective large-scale fabrication of flexible microheaters aimed to be integrated in flexible sensors.

scholarly journals A novel low-cost, high-precision sea temperature sensor for coral reef monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
James Hendee ◽  
Natchanon Amornthammarong ◽  
Lewis Gramer ◽  
Andrea Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Reef Monitoring

The role of elevated sea temperatures in coral bleaching has been well documented. Many of the sea temperature records utilized for purposes of widespread, multi-species bleaching predictions in recent publications have been acquired through satellite remote sensing. Satellites estimate sea temperatures at only a narrow range of depths near the surface of the ocean and may therefore not adequately represent the true temperatures endured by the world's coral ecosystems. To better characterize sea temperature regimes that coral reef ecosystems experience, as well as better define the individual thresholds for each species that bleaches, in situ sea temperature sensors are required. Commercial sensors are expensive in large quantities, however, reducing the capacity to conduct large- scale research programs to elucidate the range of significant scales of temperature variability. At the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), we designed a low-cost (roughly US$9 in parts) and high- precision sea temperature sensor that uses an Arduino microprocessor board and a high accuracy thermistor. This new temperature sensor autonomously records temperatures onto a memory chip and provides better accuracy (+0.05 °C) than a comparable commercial sensor (+0.2 °C). Moreover, it is not difficult to build; anyone who knows how to solder can build the temperature sensor. In March 2019, students at middle and high schools in Broward County, Florida, built close to 60 temperature sensors. During 2019, these sensors will be deployed by Reef Check, a global-scale coral reef monitoring organization, as well as by other programs to determine worldwide sea temperature regimes through the Opuhala Project (https://www. coral. noaa. gov/opuhala). This paper chronicles results from the initial proof-of-concept deployments for these AOML-designed sensors.

scholarly journals Ionic Conductive Organohydrogel With Ultrastretchability, Self-Healable and Freezing-Tolerant Properties for Wearable Strain Sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Ji ◽  
Min Jiang ◽  
Qingyu Yu ◽  
Xuefang Hao ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
One Pot ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
Flexible Sensors ◽  
Healing Property ◽  
Human Motions ◽  
Huge Challenge

Currently, stretchable hydrogel has attracted great attention in the field of wearable flexible sensors. However, fabricating flexible hydrogel sensor simultaneously with superstretchability, high mechanical strength, remarkable self-healing ability, excellent anti-freezing and sensing features via a facile method remains a huge challenge. Herein, a fully physically linked poly(hydroxyethyl acrylamide)-gelatin-glycerol-lithium chloride (PHEAA-GE-Gl-LiCl) double network organohydrogel is prepared via a simple one-pot heating-cooling-photopolymerization method. The prepared PHEAA-GE-Gl-LiCl organohydrogel exhibits favorable stretchability (970%) and remarkable self-healing property. Meanwhile, due to the presence of glycerol and LiCl, the PHEAA-GE-Gl-LiCl organohydrogel possesses outstanding anti-freezing capability, it can maintain excellent stretchability (608%) and conductivity (0.102 S/m) even at −40°C. In addition, the PHEAA-GE-Gl-LiCl organohydrogel-based strain sensor is capable of repeatedly and stably detecting and monitoring both large-scale human motions and subtle physiological signals in a wide temperature range (from −40°C to 25°C). More importantly, the PHEAA-GE-Gl-LiCl organohydrogel-based sensor displays excellent strain sensitivity (GF = 13.16 at 500% strain), fast response time (300 ms), and outstanding repeatability. Based on these super characteristics, it is envisioned that PHEAA-GE-Gl-LiCl organohydrogel holds promising potentials as wearable strain sensor.

scholarly journals Flexible, textronic temperature sensors, based on carbon nanostructures

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Walczak ◽  
M. Sibiński
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Temperature Coefficient Of Resistance ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Screen Printing Method ◽  
Consumer Electronic

Abstract The paper presents a comparative analysis of two types of flexible temperature sensors, made of carbon-based nanostructures composites. These sensors were fabricated by a low-cost screen-printing method, which qualifies them to large scale, portable consumer electronic products. Results of examined measurements show the possibility of application for thick film devices, especially dedicated to wearable electronics, also known as a textronics. Apart from general characterisation, the influence of technological processes on specific sensor parameters were examined, particulary the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and its stability during the device bending.

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