scholarly journals Nano-Biosensing Platforms for Detection of Cow’s Milk Allergens: An Overview

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Nehra ◽  
Mariagrazia Lettieri ◽  
Neeraj Dilbaghi ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
Giovanna Marrazza
Keyword(s):  
Life Quality ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Labeling Regulations ◽  
Significant Research

Among prevalent food allergies, cow milk allergy (CMA) is most common and may persist throughout the life. The allergic individuals are exposed to a constant threat due to milk proteins’ presence in uncounted food products like yogurt, cheese, and bakery items. The problem can be more severe due to cross-reactivity of the milk allergens in the food products due to homologous milk proteins of diverse species. This problem can be overcome by proper and reliable food labeling in order to ensure the life quality of allergic persons. Therefore, highly sensitive and accurate analytical techniques should be developed to detect the food allergens. Here, significant research advances in biosensors (specifically immunosensors and aptasensors) are reviewed for detection of the milk allergens. Different allergic proteins of cow milk are described here along with the analytical standard methods for their detection. Additionally, the commercial status of biosensors is also discussed in comparison to conventional techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The development of novel biosensing mechanisms/kits for milk allergens detection is imperative from the perspective of enforcement of labeling regulations and directives keeping in view the sensitive individuals.

scholarly journals Development of a Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection and Quantification of Clam Residues in Food Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Stef J. Koppelman ◽  
Ashley L. Lardizabal ◽  
Lynn Niemann ◽  
Joe L. Baumert ◽  
Steve L. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Arctica Islandica ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Seafood is a frequent cause of allergic reactions to food globally. The presence of undeclared trace amounts of clam can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Limited tools are available to test food products for the presence of traces of clam. We report on the development of a sandwich ELISA that can detect and quantify clam protein in food. Antisera against a mix of two commercially important clam species, Atlantic Surf (Spisula solidissima) and ocean quahog (Arctica islandica), were raised in rabbit and sheep. A sandwich ELISA was constructed with this antisera, and sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Also, model food products spiked with clam protein were analyzed to assess the performance of the ELISA. Comparison was made with a commercially available ELISA for crustacea. The lower limit of quantification of the sandwich ELISA is 2.5 ppm clam protein in food samples, allowing the detection of low amounts of clam that may trigger a reaction in clam allergic patients. The sandwich ELISA was highly specific with cross-reactivity only noted for other molluscan shellfish (mussel and scallop). Clam protein in tomato juice and potato cream soup was detected well with recoveries ranging from 65 to 74% and from 74 to 113%, respectively. However when potato cream soup was retorted, the recover fell to 20%, imposing the risk of underestimating the clam content of a food product. A commercially available crustacean ELISA test was not suitable to detect clam protein. The sandwich ELISA described here is suitable for detection and quantification of clam protein in food products. Care should be taken with food products that have been retorted as the results may be underestimated.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Detection of Melamine in Infant Formula and Wheat Food Products

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC A. E. GARBER ◽  
VICKERY A. BREWER
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Wheat Products ◽  
Assay Detection

The adulteration of food products with melamine to inflate the nitrogen content necessitates the establishment of analytical methods that can distinguish between proteinaceous ingredients and such adulterants. The specificity and ability to detect melamine by two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were evaluated along with three protocols for sample preparation. Both ELISAs displayed cross-reactivity with ammeline, but neither was able to detect ammelide or cyanuric acid, indicating either a requirement for the 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine structure or inability to bind 1,3,5-triazine-4,6-diones. The limits of detection for melamine in powder infant formula ranged from 0.2 to 3 μg/g depending on the ELISA kit and the method used to prepare the sample. The limits of detection for melamine in liquid infant formula and wheat products were <1 μg/ml and <2.5 μg/g, respectively. The ELISA kits provide an effective alternative for the analysis of samples suspected of containing melamine without relying on extensive sample preparation or expensive instrumentation.

scholarly journals Microbial transglutaminase alters the immunogenic potential and cross-reactivity of horse and cow milk proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 2153-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fotschki ◽  
B. Wróblewska ◽  
B. Fotschki ◽  
B. Kalicki ◽  
N. Rigby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Microbial Transglutaminase ◽  
Cow Milk

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using a Nonpoisonous Extraction System for the Determination of Crustacean Protein in Processed Foods

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 798-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Koizumi ◽  
Kazuya Shirota ◽  
Hiroshi Oda ◽  
Reiko Adachi ◽  
Shinobu Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Routine Monitoring

Abstract Crustacean proteins are food allergens that cause severe allergic reactions in patients with food allergies; therefore, the identification of crustaceans such as shrimp, crab, and lobster as ingredients in processed food products is mandatory in Japan. We previously developed and validated an ELISA method coupled with an extraction process using the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate and the reductant 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to quantify crustacean protein. However, 2-ME was designated as poisonous in Japan in 2008. Therefore, in this study, we developed and evaluated an ELISA method for detecting and quantifying crustacean protein that uses sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) in place of 2-ME for extraction. The proposed ELISA method showed high sensitivity, with an LOQ of 0.66 μg protein/g food sample. Furthermore, the proposed method showed high specificity for the Decapoda order within the subphylum Crustacea, with recoveries ranging from 83.8 to 100.8% for model processed foods, as well as high reproducibility (intra- and interassay CVs of ≤8.2%) and high correlation with our previously validated ELISA method for processed foods (correlation coefficient of 0.996). The proposed ELISA method does not require the use of poisonous reagents, provides acceptable accuracy, and is useful for the routine monitoring of food products.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Gut Microbiome of Infants Consuming Partially Hydrolyzed Cow Milk Protein Formula

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 750-750
Author(s):  
Stephanie Gilley ◽  
Meghan Ruebel ◽  
Clark Sims ◽  
Ying Zhong ◽  
Sree Chintapalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Feeding Type

Abstract Objectives The first year of life is a critical window for appropriate enteric microbiome development. Variations in infant diets have persistent effects on gut microbial ecology. Compared to intact protein formulas (IPF), partially hydrolyzed infant formulas (PHF) contain broken down milk proteins and may impact development of atopic conditions in high-risk infants. However, the effects of PHFs on the developing gut microbiome are not known. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of the GLOWING study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01131117). Infant stool samples were collected at 6 months of age and microbial composition was examined via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V4 region) using standardized methods. Samples were grouped by primary feeding type: Exclusive breastfeeding (BF; n = 42), IPF (n = 17), or PHF (n = 12). We used linear models to examine the effects of feeding type adjusting for lifetime breastfeeding exposure at 6 mo. Group differences in α-diversity (richness and diversity) and relative abundances were assessed by ANOVA or t-test. Between-specimen diversity (β-diversity) was assessed using Bray − Curtis dissimilarities. Results Total breast milk exposure did not differ between PHF and IPF (mean 32.3% of feeds from human milk, p = 0.08). Analysis of α-diversity showed higher evenness (Shannon, Simpson) in IPF and higher richness (Chao1, Observed OTU) in PHF. However, these differences were no longer significant after adjusting for breastmilk exposure. β-diversity did not differ between groups. At the genus level compared to BF, infants fed IPF had higher abundance of Parabacteroides, while those fed PHF had higher Erwinia and Clostridium. Peptostreptococcaceae family was also increased in PHF fed infants. Compared to IPF, the PHF group had higher abundance of Clostridium genus, and Peptostreptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families. Elevated Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridiales have previously been found in children with food allergies. Conclusions Our results suggest that partially hydrolyzed infant formulas may have modest impacts on the gut microbiome compared to intact protein formulas. Larger samples sizes are needed to fully characterize these differences and potential influence on long-term health. Funding Sources U.S. Department of Agriculture, NIDDK.

scholarly journals Features of the formation of specific Igg4 antibodies to milk proteins in healthy young children living in different megalopolises of the Russian Federation

2022 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
S. N. Denisova ◽  
O. V. Tarasova ◽  
A. Ni ◽  
V. A. Revyakina ◽  
L. I. Ilyenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Specific Igg4 ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Far Eastern

Objective: Study specific Igg4 antibodies to milk proteins indexes in healthy babies living in different Russian megalopolises.Methods: The complex research of the specific Igg4 antibodies to milk proteins during cohort study of 259 healthy babies of the first year of life. Children lived in five Russian cities: 60 children in Moscow, 50 newborns – in Saint Petersburg, 55 children came from Kazan, 43 children lived in Khabarovsk and 51 – in Vladivostok. Non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify specific Igg4 antibodies to cow milk proteins (CMP), beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG), alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA), casein and goat's milk protein (GM) in coprofiltratesResults: The highest frequency of the high Igg4 was discovered to CMP and goats’ milk was observed among children from Saint Petersburg during comparative assessment of the frequency of defining Igg4 to milk proteins in healthy newborns aged 2.5 months living in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. The highest frequency of Igg4 increased rates to milk proteins among newborns from Kazan, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok was diagnosed during first three months of life on breastfeeding without any clinical symptoms of food intolerance. With age decrease of the frequency of specific Igg4 to milk proteins were observed among all babies from above-mentioned cities. By 8 month of life it made isolated cases.Conclusions: High frequency of increased Igg4 to milk proteins among 2 months old babies on breastfeeding was observed in the cities of Central and Far Eastern districts of Russian Federation. In this regard it can be supposed that Igg4s were got from mothers in the prenatal period and after birth through breastfeed. The presence of high frequency of the increased indexes of specific Igg4 to milk proteins probably was related to mothers’ nutrition habits during pregnancy and lactation periods.

scholarly journals 753. Performance Characteristics of Diagnostic Assays in Blastomycosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S424-S424
Author(s):  
Timothy O’Dowd ◽  
Jack McHugh ◽  
Nancy Wengenack ◽  
Elitza Theel ◽  
Paschalis Vergidis
Keyword(s):  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Noninvasive Test ◽  
Serum Antigen ◽  
Urine Antigen ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Urine And Serum

Abstract Background Blastomycosis has historically been a difficult diagnosis to establish, often initially misdiagnosed as bacterial pneumonia. Serologic assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are available, but their performance is not well defined. The objective of this study was to characterize their performance. Methods Subjects were identified via chart review of patients diagnosed with blastomycosis from 2005 to 2020. A definitive diagnosis was based on fungal culture, histopathology, or cytology. Performance characteristics of the Blastomyces antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunodiffusion (ID), complement fixation (CF), urine and serum antigen ELISAs, and PCR were evaluated in patients with confirmed blastomycosis. Data on patient demographics, location of disease, and mortality was also collected. Results We identified 193 patients with blastomycosis. The mean age was 51.8 years (range, 11-84) and 73.6% of patients were male. 42.5% resided in Minnesota, 18.1% in Wisconsin, and 12.9% in Iowa. Diagnosis was based on culture in 142 (73.2%) or histopathology/cytology in 67 (34.7%) patients. Granulomatous inflammation was present in 73.1% (38/52) while 21.2% (41/193) had evidence of extrapulmonary dissemination. The antibody, ID, and CF assays were positive in 43.5% (37/85), 35.1% (33/94) and 20.5% (8/39) of patients, respectively. Sensitivity of Blastomyces PCR was 40% (4/10) in sputum and 75% (21/28) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Blastomyces urine and serum antigen tests were positive in 68% (34/50) and 50% (9/18) of cases, respectively, while the urine antigen was positive in 63.6% (7/11) of disseminated cases. Patients had a positive Histoplasma urine antigen test in 54.1% (20/37) and Aspergillus galactomannan in BAL in 34.8% (8/23) of cases. Serum beta-D-glucan test was positive in 16.7% (2/12). 90-day mortality was 21/193 (10.9%) and median time from diagnosis to death was 18 days. Conclusion In this cohort, Blastomyces urine antigen was the most sensitive noninvasive test, with similar performance in pulmonary and disseminated disease. However, its utility is limited by poor specificity due to cross-reactivity. Blastomyces PCR from BAL fluid demonstrated the highest sensitivity. Blastomyces antibody, ID, and CF had poor sensitivity. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Characterization of the Diagnostic Performance of a Novel COVID-19 PETIA in Comparison to Four Routine N-, S- and RBD-Antigen Based Immunoassays

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Alexander Spaeth ◽  
Thomas Masetto ◽  
Jessica Brehm ◽  
Leoni Wey ◽  
Christian Kochem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Viral Responses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
High Consistency

In 2019, a novel coronavirus emerged in Wuhan in the province of Hubei, China. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread across the globe, causing the neoteric COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is commonly transmitted by droplet infection and aerosols when coughing or sneezing, as well as high-risk exposures to infected individuals by face-to-face contact without protective gear. To date, a broad variety of techniques have emerged to assess and quantify the specific antibody response of a patient towards a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we report the first comprehensive comparison of five different assay systems: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA), Electro-Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA), and a new Particle-Enhanced Turbidimetric Immunoassay (PETIA) for SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we also evaluated the suitability of N-, S1- and RBD-antigens for quantifying the SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response. Linearity and precision, overall sensitivity and specificity of the assays, stability of samples, and cross-reactivity of general viral responses, as well as common coronaviruses, were assessed. Moreover, the reactivity of all tests to seroconversion and different sample matrices was quantified. All five assays showed good overall agreement, with 76% and 87% similarity for negative and positive samples, respectively. In conclusion, all evaluated methods showed a high consistency of results and suitability for the robust quantification of the SARS-CoV-2-derived immune response.

scholarly journals Post translational modifications of milk proteins in geographically diverse goat breeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Rout ◽  
M. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Dpp Iv

AbstractGoat milk is a source of nutrition in difficult areas and has lesser allerginicity than cow milk. It is leading in the area for nutraceutical formulation and drug development using goat mammary gland as a bioreactor. Post translational modifications of a protein regulate protein function, biological activity, stabilization and interactions. The protein variants of goat milk from 10 breeds were studied for the post translational modifications by combining highly sensitive 2DE and Q-Exactive LC-MS/MS. Here we observed high levels of post translational modifications in 201 peptides of 120 goat milk proteins. The phosphosites observed for CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN3 were 11P, 13P, 17P and 6P, respectively in 105 casein phosphopeptides. Whey proteins BLG and LALBA showed 19 and 4 phosphosites respectively. Post translational modification was observed in 45 low abundant non-casein milk proteins mainly associated with signal transduction, immune system, developmental biology and metabolism pathways. Pasp is reported for the first time in 47 sites. The rare conserved peptide sequence of (SSSEE) was observed in αS1 and αS2 casein. The functional roles of identified phosphopeptides included anti-microbial, DPP-IV inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and ACE inhibitory. This is first report from tropics, investigating post translational modifications in casein and non-casein goat milk proteins and studies their interactions.

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