scholarly journals An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Wadud ◽  
Khadem Ullah ◽  
Abdul Baseer Qazi ◽  
Sadeeq Jan ◽  
Farrukh Aslam Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Source Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Optical Waves ◽  
High Attenuation ◽  
Hidden Terminal

Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks (UWSNs) use acoustic waves as a communication medium because of the high attenuation to radio and optical waves underwater. However, acoustic signals lack propagation speed as compared to radio or optical waves. In addition, the UWSNs also pose various intrinsic challenges, i.e., frequent node mobility with water currents, high error rate, low bandwidth, long delays, and energy scarcity. Various UWSN routing protocols have been proposed to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. Vector-based routing protocols confine the communication within a virtual pipeline for the sake of directionality and define a fixed pipeline radius between the source node and the centerline station. Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (ESEVBF) protocol limits the number of duplicate packets by expanding the holding time according to the propagation delay, and thus reduces the energy consumption via the remaining energy of Potential Forwarding Nodes (PFNs) at the first hop. The holding time mechanism of ESEVBF is restricted only to the first-hop PFNs of the source node. The protocol fails when there is a void or energy hole at the second hop, affecting the reliability of the system. Our proposed protocol, Extended Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol (EESEVBF), exploits the holding time mechanism to suppress duplicate packets. Moreover, the proposed protocol tackles the hidden terminal problem due to which a reasonable reduction in duplicate packets initiated by the reproducing nodes occurs. The holding time is calculated based on the following four parameters: (i) the distance from the boundary of the transmission area relative to the PFNs’ inverse energy at the 1st and 2nd hop, (ii) distance from the virtual pipeline, (iii) distance from the source to the PFN at the second hop, and (iv) distance from the first-hop PFN to its destination. Therefore, the proposed protocol stretches the holding time difference based on two hops, resulting in lower energy consumption, decreased end-to-end delay, and increased packet delivery ratio. The simulation results demonstrate that compared to ESEVBF, our proposed protocol EESEVBF experiences 20.2 % lesser delay, approximately 6.66 % more energy efficiency, and a further 11.26 % reduction in generating redundant packets.

scholarly journals Secure Routing Protocols for Source Node Privacy Protection in Multi-Hop Communication Wireless Networks

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian C. Mutalemwa ◽  
Seokjoo Shin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Traffic Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Source Node ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Routing ◽  
Traffic Pattern

Traffic analysis attacks are common in monitoring wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the attacks, adversaries analyze the traffic pattern to obtain critical information such as the location information of a source node. Fake source packet routing protocols are often used to ensure source location privacy (SLP) protection. The protocols rely on broadcasting fake packets from fake sources concurrently with the transmission of real packets from the real source nodes to obfuscate the adversaries. However, fake source packet routing protocols have demonstrated some performance limitations including high energy consumption, low packet delivery ratio (PDR), and long end-to-end delay (EED). In this study, two existing fake source packet routing protocols are considered. Then two new phantom-based SLP routing protocols are proposed to address the limitations. Each proposed protocol introduces a two-level phantom routing strategy to ensure two adversary confusion phases. When the adversaries perform traffic analysis attacks on the packet routes, they encounter two levels of obfuscation. Simulation results establish that the proposed protocols have superior performance features. The protocols guarantee strong SLP protection throughout the WSN domain with controlled energy consumption, PDR, and EED. Furthermore, the proposed protocols achieve more practical results under varied network configurations.

Performance Analysis of Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premkumar Chithaluru ◽  
Rajeev Tiwari ◽  
Kamal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

Background: Energy Efficient wireless routing has been an area of research particularly to mitigate challenges surrounding performance in category of Wireless Networks. Objectives: The Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique was explored in recent times and exhibits benefits over many existing protocols and can significantly reduce energy consumption during data communication with very limited compromise on performance. Methods : Using broadcasting nature of the wireless medium, OR practices to discourse two foremost issues of variable link quality and unpredictable node agility in constrained WSNs. OR has a potential to reduce delay in order to increase the consistency of data delivery in network. Results : Various OR based routing protocols have shown varying performances. In this paper, a detailed conceptual and experimental analysis is carried out on different protocols that uses OR technique for providing more clear and definitive view on performance parameters like Message Success Rate, Packet Delivery Ratio and Energy Consumption.

Performance study and critical review on energy aware routing protocols in mobile sink based WSNs

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Ashok Kamble ◽  
Balaji Madhavrao Patil
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Energy Aware Routing

Abstract Wireless networks involve spatially extended independent sensor nodes, and it is associated with each other’s to preserve and identify physical and environmental conditions of the particular application. The sensor nodes batteries are equipped with restricted energy for working with an energy source. Consequently, efficient energy consumption is themain important challenge in wireless networks, and it is outfitted witharestricted power storage capacity battery. Therefore, routing protocol with energy efficiency is essential in wireless sensor network (WSN) to offer data transmission and connectivity with less energy consumption. As a result, the routing scheme is the main factor for decreasing energy consumption and the network's lifetime. The energy-aware routing model is mainly devised for WSN with high network performance when transmitting data to a sink node. Hence, in this paper, the effectiveness of energy-aware routing protocols in mobile sink-based WSNs is analyzed and justified. Some energy-aware routing systems in mobile sink-based WSN techniques, such as optimizing low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) clustering approach, hybrid model using fuzzy logic, and mobile sink. The fuzzy TOPSIS-based cluster head selection (CHS) technique, mobile sink-based energy-efficient CHS model, and hybrid Harris Hawk-Salp Swarm (HH-SS) optimization approach are taken for the simulation process. Additionally, the analytical study is executed using various conditions, like simulation, cluster size, nodes, mobile sink speed, and rounds. Moreover, the performance of existing methods is evaluated using various parameters, namely alive node, residual energy, delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR).

scholarly journals Novel Vector based Forwarding Protocol and Efficient Depth based Routing Protocol Acoustic Underwater Wireless Sensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thiagarajan ◽  
V. Balajivijayan ◽  
R. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
I. Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Acoustic Channel

Abstract Underwater Wireless Sensor Network offers broad coverage of low data rate acoustic sensor networks, scalability and energy saving routing protocols. Moreover the major problem in underwater networks is energy consumption, which arises due to lower bandwidth and propagation delays. An underwater wireless sensor network frequently employs acoustic channel communications since radio signals not worked in deep water. The transmission of data packets and energy-efficient routing are constraints for the unique characteristics of underwater. The challenging issue is an efficient routing protocol for UWSNs. Routing protocols take advantage of localization sensor nodes. Many routing protocols have been proposed for sensing nodes through a localization process. Here we proposed a Novel vector-based forwarding and efficient depth-based routing protocol. The proposed novel vector-based forwarding provides robust, scalable, and energy-efficient routing. It easily transfers nodes from source to destination. It adopts the localized and distributed alternation that allows nodes to weigh transferring packets and decreases energy consumption and provides better optimal paths. Efficient depth-based routing is a stochastic model that will succeed in a high transmission loss of the acoustic channel. The simulation was used to compare the energy consumption, network lifetime in the form of depth-based routing, delivery ratio, and vector-based forwarding to prove the optimal route finding paths and data transmission propagation delay.

scholarly journals Design and analysis of VBF and EEVBF routing protocols for energy efficient underwater communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
P Vijayalakshmi ◽  
Aruna Jacintha.T ◽  
V Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Communication ◽  
Data Throughput ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Network Simulators

Major constrain in Acoustic communication network is the consumption of energy by senor nodes. The need to regulate the energy con-sumption of senor nodes relay mainly on underwater applications like disaster prevention, tsunami warning and other environmental moni-toring, where the sensor need to transmit the sensed data constantly to the control station for critical analysis. This paper mainly focuses in designing a routing protocol that can challenge a better life expectancy of underwater sensor nodes. From the broader area of research in UWSN, VBF routing protocol gives a promising performance in term of increase in data throughput, PDR and energy consumption. Hence an energy efficient vector based forwarding protocol (EEVBF) is designed which can efficiently regulates the energy consumption when compared to VBF. Based on simulation results, the performance analysis of data throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumed using aquasim network simulators.  

scholarly journals Development of Hierarchical Clustering Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-761
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
The Everyday

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has turned out to be raising field in research and significant part in the everyday universe of data computing. WSN are initially conveyed in military, overwhelming mechanical applications and, later reached out to the lighter applications, for example, shopper WSN applications. The primary objective of this paper is to diminish energy consumption in wireless sensor networks utilizing energy productive routing protocols (i.e., Modified HEED). To test the presentation of proposed routing protocols through simulations utilizing Network Simulator 2 (NS2.35) and to contrast and existing routing protocols dependent on performance metrics, for example, packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, overhead and start to finish delay

scholarly journals Game theory-based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comparative Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Arafat Habib ◽  
Sangman Moh
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become an important and promising technology owing to their wide range of applications in disaster response, battle field surveillance, wildfire monitoring, radioactivity monitoring, etc. In WSNs, routing plays a significant role in delivery latency, energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio. Furthermore, as these applications are used in critical operations with limited irreplaceable batteries, routing protocols are required to be flawless as well as energy efficient. The dynamic environment also requires intelligent and adaptive routing. Game theory is widely used for designing routing protocols in WSNs to achieve not only reduced energy consumption but also increased packet delivery ratio. The core features of efficiently designed game theory-based routing protocols include optimal cluster head selection in hierarchical routing, energy-efficient and delay-aware route discovery, fault-tolerant data delivery, and coalition forming and grouping among nodes for stringent data transfer. In this paper, different routing protocols based on various types of games are extensively reviewed, which have been reported so far for improving energy consumption, delay, route establishment time, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. The different game theory-based routing protocols are qualitatively compared with each other in terms of major features, advantages, limitations, and key characteristics. For each protocol, possible applications and future improvements are summarized. Certain important open concerns and challenges are also discussed, along with future research directions.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7060
Author(s):  
Jatinkumar Patel ◽  
Hosam El-Ocla
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Ad Hoc Routing ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

In this paper, we examine routing protocols with the shortest path in sensor networks. In doing this, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA)-based Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocol (GA-AOMDV). We utilize a fitness function that optimizes routes based on the energy consumption in their nodes. We compare this algorithm with other existing ad hoc routing protocols including LEACH-GA, GA-AODV, AODV, DSR, EPAR, EBAR_BFS. Results prove that our protocol enhances the network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, round trip time and energy consumption. GA-AOMDV protocol achieves average gain that is 7 to 22% over other protocols. Therefore, our protocol extends the network lifetime for data communications.

scholarly journals A New Technique for Multiple-Path Creation in AODV Protocol Based on Composite Criterion Consisting of the Factors of Energy, Traffic Load and Stability of Nodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5577-5585
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Path Creation ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Hoc Networks

Not long ago mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) became one of the most recent and famous trends in the field of wireless communications. This is because, it permits the mobile appliances for communication with each other at any instant anyplace without the need of pre-defined infrastructure or centralized management. As the absence of centralized administration, the free movement of appliances and the limited resources of MANET, the designing of routing protocols have been becoming the main fundamental challenge that meet MANET till now. Furthermore, nodes with heavily traffic load may exhaust their energy in routing others packets resulting in unstable network and hence performance deterioration. In this essay we present a new version of one of the well prominent reactive routing protocols named Ad Hoc On Demand distance Vector (AODV). The suggested version aims to make the original AODV more efficient in terms of the energy consumption of nodes, traffic load distribution among nodes and routes stabilization. The suggested scheme is called, Energy efficient, Load balanced and Stabilized Multi routes- AODV (ELSM-AODV), where the paths selection is based on a composite criterion, named Node Efficiency Factor (NEF) which contain all factors that have direct impact on the performance level and life time of MANET (e.g. energy, speed, distance and traffic load of nodes). Performance assessment and comparison between suggested schema (ELSM-AODV) and standard AODV has been performed using network emulator NS2. Simulation results evidenced that performance of the suggested protocol outperform standard AODV from point of view: correct packets delivery ratio, end to end delay time, normalized routing load and nodes energy consumption.

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