scholarly journals A New Calibration Circuit Design to Reduce Drift Effect of RuO2 Urea Biosensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4558
Author(s):  
Po-Yu Kuo ◽  
Zhe-Xin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Circuit Design ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Ruthenium Oxide ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Response Voltage ◽  
Set Up

The goal of this study was to reduce the drift effect of RuO2 urea biosensors. A new calibration circuit (NCC) based on the voltage regulation technique with the advantage of having a simple structure was presented. To keep its simplicity, the proposed NCC was composed of a non-inverting amplifier and a voltage calibrating circuit. A ruthenium oxide (RuO2) urea biosensor was fabricated to test the calibrating characteristics of the drift rate of the proposed NCC. The experiment performed in this study was divided into two main stages. For the first stage, a sound RuO2 urea biosensor testing environment was set-up. The RuO2 urea sensing film was immersed in the urea solution for 12 h and the response voltage was measured using the voltage-time (V–T) measurement system and the proposed NCC. The results of the first stage showed that the RuO2 urea biosensor has an average sensitivity of 1.860 mV/(mg/dL) and has a linearity of 0.999 which means that the RuO2 urea biosensor had been well fabricated. The second stage of the experiment verified the proposed NCC’s functions, and the results indicated that the proposed NCC reduced the drift rate of RuO2 urea biosensor to 0.02 mV/hr (98.77% reduction).

scholarly journals Fast Two-Stage Computation of an Index Policy for Multi-Armed Bandits with Setup Delays

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
José Niño-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Arithmetic Operation ◽  
Bandit Problem ◽  
Index Policy ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Whittle Index ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Computing Method ◽  
Special Case

We consider the multi-armed bandit problem with penalties for switching that include setup delays and costs, extending the former results of the author for the special case with no switching delays. A priority index for projects with setup delays that characterizes, in part, optimal policies was introduced by Asawa and Teneketzis in 1996, yet without giving a means of computing it. We present a fast two-stage index computing method, which computes the continuation index (which applies when the project has been set up) in a first stage and certain extra quantities with cubic (arithmetic-operation) complexity in the number of project states and then computes the switching index (which applies when the project is not set up), in a second stage, with quadratic complexity. The approach is based on new methodological advances on restless bandit indexation, which are introduced and deployed herein, being motivated by the limitations of previous results, exploiting the fact that the aforementioned index is the Whittle index of the project in its restless reformulation. A numerical study demonstrates substantial runtime speed-ups of the new two-stage index algorithm versus a general one-stage Whittle index algorithm. The study further gives evidence that, in a multi-project setting, the index policy is consistently nearly optimal.

scholarly journals Influence of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system on stainless steel durability

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Claudine Miraval ◽  
Saghi Saedlou ◽  
Romain Evrard ◽  
Pierre-Olivier Santacreu ◽  
Johan Leseux
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Selective Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Corrosion Mechanisms

Stainless steel is largely used in the car exhaust market and will be applied now for truck and off-road vehicles. In that field of application, designs are more and more complex with the integration of a catalytic converter and particle filter, consequence of more and more severe diesel depollution regulations. In particular, due to the necessity of reducing NOx emission established by Euro 5 standard (2009), Euro 6 (2014) and American Tier 4 (2014), new equipment were developed for diesel vehicles (truck as well as car). The most promising technology is called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and takes advantage of the reduction feature of ammonia (NH3) on NOx. As NH3 cannot be stored directly within the vehicle for safety reasons (toxicity & flammability of ammonia) urea in water solution was selected to initiate the reaction by means of a spraying nozzle. To get a better understanding of the involved hot corrosion mechanisms and afterward to improve material selection, a dedicated laboratory test was developed at Isbergues Research Center. The simulated test consists of spraying urea solution on cyclic heated stainless steel in a range from 200ºC to 600ºC. We evidenced a nitriding mechanism due to the urea decomposition on the surface of stainless steel at high temperature, and also the very different behaviours between austenitic and ferritic grades. The last one, in particular K41X (1.4509-441) and K33X (1.4513-molybdenum stabilized ferritic) grades show the best performance in particular when compared to the standard 304 austenitic grade. The paper will review the test set-up, the result obtained and will discuss the stainless steel grade selection for the SCR application.

Precise Set-Point Control of Temperature for Coral Bleaching Experiments

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Turner ◽  
Ray Berkelmans ◽  
Matt Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Control ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Precision Temperature ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Better Than

Experimental research into the upper thermal limits of corals is underpinned by the need for precise control of water temperature in the testing environment, with evidence that temperature differences of as little as 0.1°C can be a significant factor in whether coral bleaches or not. Off-the-shelf temperature control equipment is generally unsuitable for high precision temperature experiment because the realized accuracy of temperature control is typically less than 0.5°C, even from state-of-the-art proportional, integral, derivative (PID) control technology. However, high temperature resolution and accuracy is achievable using simple control technology. This paper reviews the principles behind two temperature control technologies and describes a system capable of controlling temperature in actual experimental conditions to better than ±0.05°C over a 24-hr period and typically better than ±0.1°C over a 12-day period. This result is obtained through appropriate design of the experimental tank set-up and the use of “on-off” temperature control technology with very small hysteresis. Accuracy of set-point temperature is maintained by calibration against a reference temperature. Sensor drift, resulting from ambient temperature fluctuations, is avoided by immersing the circuitry in the temperature-controlled water.

Development of dwelling in the downstream area of the Nakdong River in Proto-Three Kingdoms Period

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-85
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Nakdong River ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Nakdong River ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Location Type ◽  
Downstream Area

This paper examines the developments of dwelling in the downstream area of the Nakdong River during the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the period of the 2nd century AD was divided into three stages according to the advanced years suggested by advanced researchers. The first stage is the second stage of the first century BC, and the second stage is the second stage of the second century BC. The third stage consisted of the earthenware pottery as the second century. The area was mainly located in Gimhae, Changwon, and Busan, which are located in the lower part of the Nakdong River, and the relics were set up in a residential area located about 5 km from the tomb site. As a result, the selected dwellings are located in 12 places, and the steps are set up referring to the earthenware excavated from the dwellings and tombs. Residential areas classified by phase were analyzed for attributes by location type, plane type, fire facility, and Columna layout and were derived using a combination of time-specific plane forms, fire facility and Columna layout. The type is set for the following types of dwellings : ‘A-a-ㄱ, A-a-ㄷ, A-d-ㄱ, A-d-ㄷ, B-a-ㄷ, B-b1-ㄷ, B-d-ㄷ ’. A local review of the dwelling corresponding to III stage was attempted. As a result, it was found that fire facilities differed and generally preferred wall columna arrangements. The development of the dwelling by level was examined by referring to the natural environment, nearby sites, and documents. The dwelling was located in the hills around the coast and the river to ensure safety, but it seems to have grown by touching the new culture through communication with others.

scholarly journals Smartphone-based diagnostic for preeclampsia: an mHealth solution for administering the Congo Red Dot (CRD) test in settings with limited resources

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Michael Jonas ◽  
Thomas Martin Deserno ◽  
Catalin Sorin Buhimschi ◽  
Jennifer Makin ◽  
Michael Andrew Choma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Automated Processing ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Objective Morbidity and mortality due to preeclampsia in settings with limited resources often results from delayed diagnosis. The Congo Red Dot (CRD) test, a simple modality to assess the presence of misfolded proteins in urine, shows promise as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for preeclampsia. We propose an innovative mobile health (mHealth) solution that enables the quantification of the CRD test as a batch laboratory test, with minimal cost and equipment. Methods A smartphone application that guides the user through seven easy steps, and that can be used successfully by non-specialized personnel, was developed. After image acquisition, a robust analysis runs on a smartphone, quantifying the CRD test response without the need for an internet connection or additional hardware. In the first stage, the basic image processing algorithms and supporting test standardizations were developed using urine samples from 218 patients. In the second stage, the standardized procedure was evaluated on 328 urine specimens from 273 women. In the third stage, the application was tested for robustness using four different operators and 94 altered samples. Results In the first stage, the image processing chain was set up with high correlation to manual analysis (z-test P < 0.001). In the second stage, a high agreement between manual and automated processing was calculated (Lin’s concordance coefficient ρ c = 0.968). In the last stage, sources of error were identified and remedies were developed accordingly. Altered samples resulted in an acceptable concordance with the manual gold-standard (Lin’s ρc = 0.914). Conclusion Combining smartphone-based image analysis with molecular-specific disease features represents a cost-effective application of mHealth that has the potential to fill gaps in access to health care solutions that are critical to reducing adverse events in resource-poor settings.

Finite Element Analysis on Integral Structure of Light Steel Temporary Buildings

2013 ◽  
Vol 405-408 ◽  
pp. 921-924
Author(s):  
Xue Feng Cai ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Yong Chao Ma ◽  
Ji Zhong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element Analysis Model ◽  
Integral Structure ◽  
Set Up

Light steel temporary building is commonly used in the construction site, with advantages on simple structure, repeat used and small deadweight. There are still not enough researches and relevant standards to conduct the design and construction of the buildings. In order to precede to theoretical study on integral structure of light steel temporary buildings a method which used to set up finite element analysis model about integral structure of light steel temporary buildings was proposed in this paper. The method is based on finite element analysis software, Ansys. Using this method a monolayer integral structure, a two-story integral structure and a trilaminar integral structure model were set up. Lateral displacement under design load of the integral structure was solved out by these finite element models.

Searching sheet metal parts based on bending process similarity

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Misaki ◽  
S Aomura
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Metal Parts ◽  
Sheet Metal Parts ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Robot Gripper ◽  
Bending Process ◽  
Similar Part ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Flat Pattern

Sheet metal parts have been widely used in industry and much information for parts has been accumulated in a database. In planning the manufacturing process of a sheet metal part, if the process plan of a similar part can be retrieved from the database, the process planning would be faster and more consistent. In this paper, an effective method of searching the sheet metal parts based on bending process similarity is proposed. This method consists of two stages. In the first stage, flat pattern drawings of the parts with the same set-up numbers are classified into several topological structures. In the second stage, the parts that possess a similar bending process to the target part are selected. The bending process similarity is defined by the grasping position of a robot gripper. The number of reposition and grasping positions are decided by taking the geometric element of the flat pattern into consideration. The effectiveness of this method is described and illustrative examples are shown.

Prototyping new concepts beyond 4G – The Fraunhofer Open5GCore

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Magedanz ◽  
Giuseppe Carella ◽  
Marius Corici ◽  
Julius Mueller ◽  
Andreas Weber
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Early Testing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Self Driving Cars

AbstractThe 5th Generation of mobile networks (5G) is expected to be rolled out by 2020. New and revolutionary applications are already being envisioned, real-time control of machines, the Tactile Internet for wireless, Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things and self-driving cars, among others.To make this possible important enhancements and improvements in today's existing telecommunication technologies form an end-to-end perspective are required. Early testing and fast prototyping of new approaches and solutions will help to shape the evolving technologies. One of the technical enablers for 5G are two concepts based on the softwarisation and virtualisation of the core network, known as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualisation, NFV. Fraunhofer FOKUS has set up the Open5GCore testing environment to start shaping, together with its partners, the nascent 5G technologies by addressing these topics together with other relevant technological developments. After a short motivation, the architecture of the open5GCore is presented, followed by a functional description of supported features.

scholarly journals Queuing system in E- Commerce

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 584-590
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Supplementary Variable ◽  
Electronic Trade ◽  
Stock Control ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Online Business ◽  
Set Up

This paper explores an investigation on Queuing framework in E-trade. Online business (electronic trade) is the acquiring and selling of product and adventures, or the transmitting of benefits or data, over an electronic system, basically the web. It is the trading of things or administrations using PC systems like Internet or online casual networks. Here the Business is led utilizing PCs, phones, fax machines, standardized tag per users, Visas, ATM or other electronic apparatuses without the trading of paper-based records or physically moving to a strip mall. It incorporates exercises, for instance, acquirement, request passage, trade handling, online installment, verification, stock control, request satisfaction, shipment, and client support. In the Queuing arrangement of E trade, the clients touches base in Batch with Reneging happens at the set-up time organize and Optional second stage where breakdown happens just as fix procedure will be done. Moreover, we accept that the clients may renege amid the Initial stage because of eagerness (Slow server) or Non-Satisfaction in acquiring the items from the specific site. At the season of Repair process, Strictly Non-acceptability of the clients is executed. The model is well analyzed and solved by supplementary variable method .The system performance measures are derived. Numerical analysis and graphical representation of the model clearly justifies the model to a fullest satisfaction.

scholarly journals Voltage regulation in LV distribution networks with PV generation and battery storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 356-365
Author(s):  
Jordan Radosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Voltage Control ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Local Load ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Optimal Coordination ◽  
Pv Generation

Abstract High penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation in low voltage (LV) distribution networks can leads some power quality problems. One of the most important issues in this regard is the impermissible voltage deviation in periods with a large imbalance between PV generation and local load consumption. Accordingly, many authors deal with this issue. This work investigates voltage regulation for LV distribution networks equipped with the hybrid distribution transformer (HDT), and with high penetration of PV units. A two-stage algorithm for voltage regulation is proposed. In the first stage, a local (distributed) voltage control is performed by minimizing the injection power of the PV-battery storage system (BS)-local load entity at the common bus. In the second stage, optimal coordination is performed between the HDT and the local voltage control. In fact, the second stage is an optimal voltage regulation problem. The aim is to minimize the voltage deviations at load buses by optimal settings the voltage support of the HDT. A PSO algorithm is used to solve this optimization problem. the proposed approach is implemented in MATLAB software and evaluated on the IEEE european LV test feeder.

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