scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Mapping of Clay and Cation Exchange Capacity of Sandy and Infertile Soil Using EM38 and Inversion Software

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibet Khongnawang ◽  
Ehsan Zare ◽  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
Pranee Srihabun ◽  
John Triantafilis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Inversion Algorithm ◽  
Three Dimensional Mapping ◽  
Em Induction ◽  
Leave One Out

Most cultivated upland areas of northeast Thailand are characterized by sandy and infertile soils, which are difficult to improve agriculturally. Information about the clay (%) and cation exchange capacity (CEC—cmol(+)/kg) are required. Because it is expensive to analyse these soil properties, electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments are increasingly being used. This is because the measured apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa—mS/m), can often be correlated directly with measured topsoil (0–0.3 m), subsurface (0.3–0.6 m) and subsoil (0.6–0.9 m) clay and CEC. In this study, we explore the potential to use this approach and considering a linear regression (LR) between EM38 acquired ECa in horizontal (ECah) and vertical (ECav) modes of operation and the soil properties at each of these depths. We compare this approach with a universal LR relationship developed between calculated true electrical conductivity (σ—mS/m) and laboratory measured clay and CEC at various depths. We estimate σ by inverting ECah and ECav data, using a quasi-3D inversion algorithm (EM4Soil). The best LR between ECa and soil properties was between ECah and subsoil clay (R2 = 0.43) and subsoil CEC (R2 = 0.56). We concluded these LR were unsatisfactory to predict clay or CEC at any of the three depths, however. In comparison, we found that a universal LR could be established between σ with clay (R2 = 0.65) and CEC (R2 = 0.68). The LR model validation was tested using a leave-one-out-cross-validation. The results indicated that the universal LR between σ and clay at any depth was precise (RMSE = 2.17), unbiased (ME = 0.27) with good concordance (Lin’s = 0.78). Similarly, satisfactory results were obtained by the LR between σ and CEC (Lin’s = 0.80). We conclude that in a field where a direct LR relationship between clay or CEC and ECa cannot be established, can still potentially be mapped by developing a LR between estimates of σ with clay or CEC if they all vary with depth.

Mapping cation exchange capacity using a quasi-3d joint-inversion of EM38 and EM31 data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
John Triantafilis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Joint Inversion ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Inversion Algorithm ◽  
Good Concordance ◽  
Value Add ◽  
Leave One Out

<p>The cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol(+)/kg) is a measure of soil’s capacity to retain exchangeable cations. However, it is expensive to collect CEC across a heterogenous field and at different depths. To value-add to limited data, proximal sensed electromagnetic (EM) data has been coupled to CEC through linear regression (LR) models, because they measure apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC<sub>a</sub>, mS/m). However, these LRs have been depth-specific. This approach was compared with one universal LR between estimates of true electrical conductivity (s, mS/m) and CEC from various depths, including topsoil (0-0.3 m), subsurface (0.3-0.6 m), shallow subsoil (0.6-0.9 m) and deeper subsoil (0.9-2.1 m). We estimated s from inversion of EM38 and EM31 EC<sub>a</sub> either alone or in combination (joint-inversion), in horizontal (EC<sub>ah</sub>) and vertical (EC<sub>av</sub>) modes, using a quasi-3d (q3-d) inversion software (EM4Soil) and various parameters, including EM38 at two different heights (i.e. 0.2 or 0.4 m). In terms of performance, the LR correlation (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.60) was largest between deeper subsoil CEC and EM38 EC<sub>ah</sub> at 0.2 m. However, the LR was unsatisfactory for CEC calibration in the topsoil (0.31), subsurface (0.37) and shallow subsoil (0.52). In comparison, a universal LR between CEC and σ was well correlated (0.72), when both EM38 (0.2 m) and EM31 EC<sub>a</sub> in both modes, were inverted using a forward model (CF), inversion algorithm (S2) and small damping factor (λ = 0.03). The calibrations tested using a leave-one-out cross validation, showed CEC prediction was precise (RMSE, 2.35 cmol(+)/kg), unbiased (ME, -0.002 cmol(+)/kg) with good concordance (Lin’s, 0.83). To improve areal prediction, closer spaced transects need to be collected, while improved vertical resolution of CEC prediction we recommend DUALEM-421 EC<sub>a</sub> data be acquired. </p>

Co-composting of distillery and winery wastes with sewage sludge

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bustamante ◽  
C. Paredes ◽  
R. Moral ◽  
J. Moreno-Caselles ◽  
M.D. Pérez-Murcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Total Organic C

The winery and distillery wastes (grape stalk and marc (GS and GM, respectively), wine lees (WL) and exhausted grape marc (EGM)) are produced in great amounts in the Mediterranean countries, where their treatment and disposal are becoming an important environmental problem, mainly due to their seasonal character and some characteristics that make their management difficult and which are not optimised yet. Composting is a treatment widely used for organic wastes, which could be a feasible option to treat and recycle the winery and distillery wastes. In this experiment, two different piles (pile 1 and 2) were prepared with mixtures of GS, GM, EG and sewage sludge (SS) and composted in a pilot plant by the Rutgers static pile composting system. Initially, GS, GM and EGM were mixed, the pile 1 being watered with fresh collected vinasse (V). After 17 days, SS was added to both piles as a nitrogen and microorganisms source. During composting, the evolution of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, humic acid-like C and fulvic acid-like C contents, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity and germination index of the mixtures were studied. The addition of V in pile 1 produced higher values of temperature, a greater degradation of the total organic C, higher electrical conductivity values and similar pH values and total N contents than in pile 2. The addition of this effluent also increased the cation exchange capacity and produced a longer persistence of phytotoxicity. However, both piles showed a stabilised organic matter and a reduction of the phytotoxicity at the end of the composting process.

scholarly journals SOIL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENT ELEMENT STATUS OF COCONUT LEAVES UNDER DEFFERENT CROPPING PATTERNS

CORD ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Doah Dekok Tarigans
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Nutrient Element ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of six co­conut cropping patterns on the soil properties and nutrient element status of coconut leaves. The experiments were carried out from August 1984 to May 1985 in Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Data on‑soil properties and nutrient element starus of coconut leaves were statistically analyzed in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Six cropping patterns in coconut with four species of perennial crops as intercrops, namely: banana, papaya, coffee and pineapple were used in this study. The organic matter, pH and cation exchange capacity of the soils did not differ significantly with cropping pattern although intensively cropped farms tended to have higher organic matter' and cation exchange capacity values. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the top soil were significantly higher in most intensive intercropped farms, but calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly. Moisture content, waterholding capacity, bulk density and particle density of the soil did not show significant difference with cropping patterns. Likewise, the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil remained statistically the same. Leaf nitrogen and calcium, in­creased while potassium decreased with intensity of cropping. Phosphorus and magnesium showed no definite trend.

Spatial variability of uncultivated soils in derived savanna

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Obalum ◽  
J. Oppong ◽  
C.A. Igwe ◽  
Y. Watanabe ◽  
M.E. Obi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Matter Concentration ◽  
Derived Savanna ◽  
Matter Concentration

Abstract The spatial variability of some physicochemical properties of topsoils/subsoils under secondary forest, grassland fallow, and bare-soil fallow of three locations was evaluated. The data were analyzed and described using classical statistical parameters. Based on the coefficient of variation, bulk density, total porosity, 60-cm-tension moisture content, and soil pH were of low variability. Coarse and fine sand were of moderate variability. Highly variable soil properties included silt, clay, macroporosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter concentration, and cation exchange capacity. Overall, soil pH and silt varied the least and the most, respectively. Relative weighting showed that location dominantly influenced the soil variability, except for soil porosity and organic matter concentration influenced mostly by land use. Most of the soil data were normally distributed; others were positively skewed and/or kurtotic. The minimum number of samples (at 25 samples ha-1) required to estimate mean values of soil properties was highly soil property-specific, ranging from 1 (topsoil pH-H2O) to 246 (topsoil silt). Cation exchange capacity of subsoils related fairly strongly with cation exchange capacity of topsoils (R2 = 0.63). Spatial variability data can be used to extrapolate dynamic soil properties across a derived-savanna landscape.

scholarly journals Development of a composite soil degradation assessment index for cocoa agroecosystems in southwestern Nigeria

Solid Earth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Adenrele Adeniyi ◽  
Willem Petrus de Clercq ◽  
Adriaan van Niekerk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Assessment Index

Abstract. Cocoa agroecosystems are a major land-use type in the tropical rainforest belt of West Africa, reportedly associated with several ecological changes, including soil degradation. This study aims to develop a composite soil degradation assessment index (CSDI) for determining the degradation level of cocoa soils under smallholder agroecosystems of southwestern Nigeria. Plots where natural forests have been converted to cocoa agroecosystems of ages 1–10, 11–40, and 41–80 years, respectively representing young cocoa plantations (YCPs), mature cocoa plantations (MCPs), and senescent cocoa plantations (SCPs), were identified to represent the biological cycle of the cocoa tree. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in each plot and analysed in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Factor analysis of soil data revealed four major interacting soil degradation processes: decline in soil nutrients, loss of soil organic matter, increase in soil acidity, and the breakdown of soil textural characteristics over time. These processes were represented by eight soil properties (extractable zinc, silt, soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, total porosity, pH, and clay content). These soil properties were subjected to forward stepwise discriminant analysis (STEPDA), and the result showed that four soil properties (extractable zinc, cation exchange capacity, SOM, and clay content) are the most useful in separating the studied soils into YCP, MCP, and SCP. In this way, we have sufficiently eliminated redundancy in the final selection of soil degradation indicators. Based on these four soil parameters, a CSDI was developed and used to classify selected cocoa soils into three different classes of degradation. The results revealed that 65 % of the selected cocoa farms are moderately degraded, while 18 % have a high degradation status. The numerical value of the CSDI as an objective index of soil degradation under cocoa agroecosystems was statistically validated. The results of this study reveal that soil management should promote activities that help to increase organic matter and reduce Zn deficiency over the cocoa growth cycle. Finally, the newly developed CSDI can provide an early warning of soil degradation processes and help farmers and extension officers to implement rehabilitation practices on degraded cocoa soils.

USE OF A SOIL DATA FILE FOR PEDOLOGICAL RESEARCH

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. KLOOSTERMAN ◽  
L. M. LAVKULICH ◽  
M. K. JOHN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Data File ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Podzolic Soils

The potential application of a computer soil data file to the study of soil concepts is discussed. This method aids the pedologist to analyze, summarize and correlate large quantities of data. For applied objectives the data file allows the prediction of soil properties for interpretive purposes. The computerized soil data file was used to explore its usefulness in studying the concept of the modal profile, confirmation of definitions of the Podzolic and Gleysolic Great Groups, derivation of equations for estimating soil drainage and cation-exchange capacity, and studying some interrelationships among soil properties. Soil parameters used to define soils at the Order and Great Group levels did trend toward normal distributions for Gleysolic but less for Podzolic soils. The prediction equations for cation-exchange capacity accounted for a higher percentage of the variation than did equations for soil drainage. Many soil property interrelationships were confirmed. The study illustrates some of the weaknesses of using routine soil survey data collected over a 10-yr period.

scholarly journals Irreversible sorption of carbofuran by moderately acidic soil amended with biochar

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5224-5228
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Water Holding

An ecofriendly technique to on farm burning of biomass by making biochar from agricultural waste was provided. Characteristic studies of biomass and biochar such as SEM, Ultimate and proximate analysis, pH, Cation exchange capacity, Water holding capacity, Electrical conductivity, Soil organic matter and Dry matter production were examined. Adsorption and desorption of carbofuran in soil were studied in batch experiment mode. From the experimental studies, it was observed that pH, Cation exchange capacity, Water holding capacity, Electrical Conductivity, Soil organic content and dry matter production increases with biochar addition. Adsorption Studies show that carbofuran adsorbed with control is 0.45 mg/g whereas with 3%BC it was 6.375 mg/g and desorption studies show that with 3% biochar carbofuran desorption is less. Hence Capsicum Annuam Biochar could be one of the promising option for improving the soil health as well as for adsorbing the pesticides.

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