scholarly journals Ground Level Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks: Experiments, Evaluation and Engineering Insight

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3358
Author(s):  
Rodrigue Domga Komguem ◽  
Razvan Stanica ◽  
Maurice Tchuente ◽  
Fabrice Valois
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we are interested in characterizing the link properties of a wireless sensor network with nodes deployed at ground level. Such a deployment is fairly common in practice, e.g., when monitoring the vehicular traffic on a road segment or the status of infrastructures such as bridges, tunnels or dams. However, the behavior of off-the-shelf wireless sensor nodes in these settings is not yet completely understood. Through a thorough experimentation campaign, we evaluated not only the impact of the ground proximity on the wireless links, but also the impact of some parameters such as the packet payload, the communication channel frequency and the topography of the deployment area. Our results show that a ground-level deployment has a significant negative impact on the link quality, while parameters such as the packet size produce unexpected consequences. This allows us to parameter classical theoretical models in order to fit a ground-level deployment scenario. Finally, based on the lessons learned in our field tests, we discuss some considerations that must be taken into account during the design of communication protocols and before the sensor deployment in order to improve network performance.

Performance Analysis of RNC Clustering Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Rawat ◽  
Siddhartha Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Threshold Function ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Clustering Protocol

Background and Objective: The functionalities of wireless sensor networks (WSN) are growing in various areas, so to handle the energy consumption of network in an efficient manner is a challenging task. The sensor nodes in the WSN are equipped with limited battery power, so there is a need to utilize the sensor power in an efficient way. The clustering of nodes in the network is one of the ways to handle the limited energy of nodes to enhance the lifetime of the network for its longer working without failure. Methods: The proposed approach is based on forming a cluster of various sensor nodes and then selecting a sensor as cluster head (CH). The heterogeneous sensor nodes are used in the proposed approach in which sensors are provided with different energy levels. The selection of an efficient node as CH can help in enhancing the network lifetime. The threshold function and random function are used for selecting the cluster head among various sensors for selecting the efficient node as CH. Various performance parameters such as network lifespan, packets transferred to the base station (BS) and energy consumption are used to perform the comparison between the proposed technique and previous approaches. Results and Discussion: To validate the working of the proposed technique the simulation is performed in MATLAB simulator. The proposed approach has enhanced the lifetime of the network as compared to the existing approaches. The proposed algorithm is compared with various existing techniques to measure its performance and effectiveness. The sensor nodes are randomly deployed in a 100m*100m area. Conclusion: The simulation results showed that the proposed technique has enhanced the lifespan of the network by utilizing the node’s energy in an efficient manner and reduced the consumption of energy for better network performance.

scholarly journals Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: Network Design, Implementation and Performance Evaluation

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Ala’ Khalifeh ◽  
Khalid A. Darabkh ◽  
Ahmad M. Khasawneh ◽  
Issa Alqaisieh ◽  
Mohammad Salameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Real Field

The advent of various wireless technologies has paved the way for the realization of new infrastructures and applications for smart cities. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most important among these technologies. WSNs are widely used in various applications in our daily lives. Due to their cost effectiveness and rapid deployment, WSNs can be used for securing smart cities by providing remote monitoring and sensing for many critical scenarios including hostile environments, battlefields, or areas subject to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and floods or to large-scale accidents such as nuclear plants explosions or chemical plumes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework where WSNs are adopted for remote sensing and monitoring in smart city applications. We propose using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to act as a data mule to offload the sensor nodes and transfer the monitoring data securely to the remote control center for further analysis and decision making. Furthermore, the paper provides insight about implementation challenges in the realization of the proposed framework. In addition, the paper provides an experimental evaluation of the proposed design in outdoor environments, in the presence of different types of obstacles, common to typical outdoor fields. The experimental evaluation revealed several inconsistencies between the performance metrics advertised in the hardware-specific data-sheets. In particular, we found mismatches between the advertised coverage distance and signal strength with our experimental measurements. Therefore, it is crucial that network designers and developers conduct field tests and device performance assessment before designing and implementing the WSN for application in a real field setting.

scholarly journals Times of change in complex environments - Evaluating hospital co-payments in Palestine refugee camps

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S V Valente de Almeida ◽  
H Ghattas ◽  
G Paolucci ◽  
A Seita
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Policy Impact ◽  
Average Length Of Stay ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We measure the impact introducing a of 10% co-payment component on hospitalisation costs for Palestine refugees from Lebanon in public and private hospitals. This ex-post analysis provides a detailed insight on the direction and magnitude of the policy impact in terms of demand and supply for healthcare. The data was collected by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and include episode level information from all public, private and Red Crescent Hospitals in Lebanon, between April 2016 and October 2017. This is a complete population episode level dataset with information from before and after the policy change. We use multinomial logit, negative binomial and linear models to estimate the policy impact on demand by type of hospital, average length of stay and treatment costs for the patient and the provider. After the new policy was implemented patients were 18% more likely to choose a (free-of-charge) PRCS hospital for secondary care, instead of a Private or Public hospital, where the co-payment was introduced. This impact was stronger for episodes with longer stays, which are also the more severe and more expensive cases. Average length of stay decreased in general for all hospitals and we could not find a statistically significant impact on costs for the provider nor the patient. We find evidence that the introduction of co-payments is hospital costs led to a shift in demand, but it is not clear to what extent the hospitals receiving this demand shift were prepared for having more patients than before, also because these are typically of less quality then the others. Regarding costs, there is no evidence that the provider managed to contain costs with the new policy, as the demand adapted to the changes. Our findings provide important information on hospitalisation expenses and the consequences of a policy change from a lessons learned perspective that should be taken into account for future policy decision making. Key messages We show that in a context of poverty, the introduction of payment for specific hospital types can be efficient for shifting demand, but has doubtable impact on costs containment for the provider. The co-payment policy can have a negative impact on patients' health since after its implementation demand increased at free-of-charge hospitals, which typically have less resources to treat patients.

SE: A Simple and Efficient Strategy for Clustering and Routing in WSN

2014 ◽  
Vol 701-702 ◽  
pp. 1025-1028
Author(s):  
Yu Zhu Liang ◽  
Meng Jiao Wang ◽  
Yong Zhen Li
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Two Parameters

Clustering the sensor nodes and choosing the way for routing the data are two key elements that would affect the performance of a wireless sensor network (WSN). In this paper, a novel clustering method is proposed and a simple two-hop routing model is adopted for optimizing the network layer of the WSN. New protocol is characterized by simplicity and efficiency (SE). During the clustering stage, no information needs to be shared among the nodes and the position information is not required. Through adjustment of two parameters in SE, the network on any scale (varies from the area and the number of nodes) could obtain decent performance. This work also puts forward a new standard for the evaluation of the network performance—the uniformity of the nodes' death—which is a complement to merely taking the system lifetime into consideration. The combination of these two aspects provides a more comprehensive guideline for designing the clustering or routing protocols in WSN.

Quasi Oppositional Glowworm Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Energy Efficient Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 5447-5456
Author(s):  
R. M. Alamelu ◽  
K. Prabu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Glowworm Swarm Optimization ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering

Wireless sensor network (WSN) becomes popular due to its applicability in distinct application areas like healthcare, military, search and rescue operations, etc. In WSN, the sensor nodes undergo deployment in massive number which operates autonomously in harsh environment. Because of limited resources and battery operated sensor nodes, energy efficiency is considered as a main design issue. To achieve, clustering is one of the effective technique which organizes the set of nodes into clusters and cluster head (CH) selection takes place. This paper presents a new Quasi Oppositional Glowworm Swarm Optimization (QOGSO) algorithm for energy efficient clustering in WSN. The proposed QOGSO algorithm is intended to elect the CHs among the sensor nodes using a set of parameters namely residual energy, communication cost, link quality, node degree and node marginality. The QOGSO algorithm incorporates quasi oppositional based learning (QOBL) concept to improvise the convergence rate of GSO technique. The QOGSO algorithm effectively selects the CHs and organizes clusters for minimized energy dissipation and maximum network lifetime. The performance of the QOGSO algorithm has been evaluated and the results are assessed interms of distinct evaluation parameters.

Multicast Scaling in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks for Security and Time Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramdas Vankdothu ◽  
Hameed Mohd Abdul ◽  
Fatima Husnah ◽  
Subbarao Akkala
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Clustering

Abstract Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) satisfy researchers' requirements for developing real-world solutions that handle unattended challenges. However, the primary constraint of researchers is the privacy of the sensor nodes. It safeguards the sensor nodes and extensions in the HWSNs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop secure operational systems. Multicast scaling with security and time efficiency is described in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to maximize network performance while also successfully protecting network privacy. This study evaluates the initial security and time efficiency measures, such as execution time, transmission delay, processing delay, congestion level, and trust measure. Subsequently, the optimal location of the heterogeneous nodes is determined using sigmoid-based fuzzy c-means clustering. Finally, successful cluster routing was achieved via support-value-based particle swarm optimization. The experimental results indicate that the proposed strategy surpasses existing strategies in terms of network delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery, and node remaining energy level.

Novel Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol Performance Evaluation using Diverse Packet Size for Agriculture Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amierul Syazrul Azman ◽  
◽  
Mohamad Yusry Lee ◽  
Siva Kumar Subramaniam ◽  
Farah Shahnaz Feroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Packet Size ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Grid Nodes ◽  
The Impact

As the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) progress with newer and more advanced technologies, so do the demands for them in a growing number of applications. Precision agricultural environment monitoring is one of the most prominent applications that require feasible wireless support systems, particularly in the protection and condition control of the crops. This paper focuses on the grid nodes arrangement of WSN, considering the wide dissemination of the plantation areas in the agriculture industry. Due to the different types of sensors used and their data size, the study on the impact of the varied packet size on the performance of the small and large network has been carried out using AODV and OLSR routing protocols. No significant differences in terms of performance can be seen as the packet size is varied. However, compared to the small network, more performance issues have occured in the large network, such as more packet loss, higher throughput degradation, higher energy consumption, worse unfairness, and more overhead production. The OEG routing protocol has been proposed to enhance the network performance by reducing the strain due to the saturated traffic. When solely compared to AODV, OEG routing protocol is able to enhance the network performance with at most 27% more packet delivery ratio, 31kbps more throughput, and 0.991J lesser energy consumed in the network.

Novel Energy Aware Algorithm to Design Multilayer Architecture for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
pp. 79-114
Author(s):  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Abid Ali Minhas
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Unbalanced Load

Network layer functionalists are of core importance in the communication process and so the routing with energy aware trait is indispensable for improved network performance and increased network lifetime. Designing of protocol at this under discussion layer must consider the aforementioned factors especially for energy aware routing process. In wireless sensor networks there may be hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes communicating with each other and with the base station, which consumes more energy in exchanging data and information with the additive issues of unbalanced load and intolerable faults. Two main types of network architectures for sensed data dissemination from source to destination exist in the literature; Flat network architecture, clustered network architecture. In flat architecture based networks, uniformity can be seen since all the network nodes work in a same mode and generally do not have any distinguished role.

Novel Energy Aware Algorithm to Design Multilayer Architecture for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
pp. 372-399
Author(s):  
Naveen Chilamkurti ◽  
Sohail Jabbar ◽  
Abid Ali Minhas
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Unbalanced Load

Network layer functionalists are of core importance in the communication process and so the routing with energy aware trait is indispensable for improved network performance and increased network lifetime. Designing of protocol at this under discussion layer must consider the aforementioned factors especially for energy aware routing process. In wireless sensor networks there may be hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes communicating with each other and with the base station, which consumes more energy in exchanging data and information with the additive issues of unbalanced load and intolerable faults. Two main types of network architectures for sensed data dissemination from source to destination exist in the literature; Flat network architecture, clustered network architecture. In flat architecture based networks, uniformity can be seen since all the network nodes work in a same mode and generally do not have any distinguished role.

scholarly journals Swarm-Intelligence-Centric Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5164
Author(s):  
Changsun Shin ◽  
Meonghun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Control Message

The swarm intelligence (SI)-based bio-inspired algorithm demonstrates features of heterogeneous individual agents, such as stability, scalability, and adaptability, in distributed and autonomous environments. The said algorithm will be applied to the communication network environment to overcome the limitations of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Herein, the swarm-intelligence-centric routing algorithm (SICROA) is presented for use in WSNs that aim to leverage the advantages of the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. The proposed routing protocol addresses the problems of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and improves routing performance via collision avoidance, link-quality prediction, and maintenance methods. The proposed method was found to improve network performance by replacing the periodic “Hello” message with an interrupt that facilitates the prediction and detection of link disconnections. Consequently, the overall network performance can be further improved by prescribing appropriate procedures for processing each control message. Therefore, it is inferred that the proposed SI-based approach provides an optimal solution to problems encountered in a complex environment, while operating in a distributed manner and adhering to simple rules of behavior.

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