scholarly journals A Strain-Based Method to Estimate Tire Parameters for Intelligent Tires under Complex Maneuvering Operations

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 2973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Fernanda Mendoza-Petit ◽  
Daniel Garcia-Pozuelo ◽  
Vicente Diaz ◽  
Oluremi Olatunbosun
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Active Sensors ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
The Road ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Logic System

The possibility of using tires as active sensors opens the door to a huge number of different ways to accomplish this goal. In this case, based on a tire equipped with strain sensors, also known as an Intelligent Tire, relevant vehicle dynamics information can be provided. The purpose of this research is to improve the strain-based methodology for Intelligent Tires to estimate all tire forces, based only on deformations measured in the contact patch. Firstly, through an indoor test rig data, an algorithm has been developed to pick out the relevant features of strain data and correlate them with tire parameters. This information of the tire contact patch is then transmitted to a fuzzy logic system to estimate the tire parameters. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed estimator, the well-known simulation software CarSim has been used to back up the estimation results. The software CarSim has been used to provide the vehicle parameters in complex maneuvers. Finally, the estimations have been checked with the simulation results. This approach has enabled the behaviour of the intelligent tire to be tested for different maneuvers and velocities, providing key information about the tire parameters directly from the only contact that exists between the vehicle and the road.

scholarly journals A Strain-Based Intelligent Tire to Detect Contact Patch Features for Complex Maneuvers

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Fernanda Mendoza-Petit ◽  
Daniel García-Pozuelo ◽  
Vicente Díaz ◽  
Oluremi Olatunbosun
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Fuzzy Logic System ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Rolling Velocity ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Logic System

Tires are essential components of vehicles and are able to transmit traction and braking forces to the contact patch, contribute to directional stability, and also help to absorb shocks. If these components can provide information related to the tire–road interaction, vehicle safety can be increased. This research is focused on developing the tire as an active sensor capable to provide its functional parameters. Therefore, in this work, we studied strain-based measurements on the contact patch to develop an algorithm to compute the wheel velocity at the contact point, the effective rolling radius and the contact length on dynamic situations. These parameters directly influence the dynamics of wheel behavior which nowadays is not clearly defined. Herein, hypotheses have been assumed based on previous studies to develop the algorithm. The results expose to view an experimental test regarding influence of the tire operational condition (slip angle, vertical load, and rolling velocity) onto the computed parameters. This information is used to feed a fuzzy logic system capable of estimating the effective radius and contact length. Furthermore, a verification process has been carried out using CarSim simulation software to get the inputs for the fuzzy logic system at complex maneuvers.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Tire Contact Patch Length and Normal Load Using Intelligent Tires and Its Application in Small Ground Robot to Estimate the Tire-Road Friction

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedmeysam Khaleghian ◽  
Omid Ghasemalizadeh ◽  
Saied Taheri
Keyword(s):  
Normal Load ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
The Road ◽  
Antilock Braking System ◽  
Road Friction ◽  
Friction Estimation ◽  
Flexible Strain Sensor ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Patch Length

ABSTRACT Tire-road friction estimation is one of the most popular problems for the tire and vehicle industry. Accurate estimation of the tire-road friction leads to better performance of the traction and antilock braking system controllers, which reduces the number of accidents. Several researchers have worked in the field of friction estimation, and many tire models have been developed to predict the tire-road friction. In this article, an intelligent tire, which has an embedded accelerometer placed on the inner liner of the tire, is used to estimate the tire contact patch length parameter and normal load. To accomplish this, first, an existing tire testing trailer equipped with a force hub to measure tire forces and moments, a high-accuracy encoder to measure the angular velocity of the wheel, and VBOX, which is a global positioning system–based device, to estimate the longitudinal speed of the trailer was used. As a practical application for the normal load algorithm, a wheeled ground robot, which is equipped with several sensors, including an accelerometer and a flexible strain sensor inside the tire (used for terrain identification purposes), was designed and built. A set of algorithms was developed and used with the test data that were collected with both the trailer and the robot, and the contact patch length and the normal load were estimated. Also, the friction potential between the tire and the road was evaluated using a small ground robot.

A Modified Dugoff Tire Model for Combined-slip Forces

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenggen Ding ◽  
Saied Taheri
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Magic Formula ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Road Friction ◽  
On Line ◽  
Double Lane Change ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Tire Models

Abstract Easy-to-use tire models for vehicle dynamics have been persistently studied for such applications as control design and model-based on-line estimation. This paper proposes a modified combined-slip tire model based on Dugoff tire. The proposed model takes emphasis on less time consumption for calculation and uses a minimum set of parameters to express tire forces. Modification of Dugoff tire model is made on two aspects: one is taking different tire/road friction coefficients for different magnitudes of slip and the other is employing the concept of friction ellipse. The proposed model is evaluated by comparison with the LuGre tire model. Although there are some discrepancies between the two models, the proposed combined-slip model is generally acceptable due to its simplicity and easiness to use. Extracting parameters from the coefficients of a Magic Formula tire model based on measured tire data, the proposed model is further evaluated by conducting a double lane change maneuver, and simulation results show that the trajectory using the proposed tire model is closer to that using the Magic Formula tire model than Dugoff tire model.

Modeling of Contact Patch in Dual-Chamber Pneumatic Tires

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Kubba ◽  
G. J. Hall ◽  
S. Varghese ◽  
O. A. Olatunbosun ◽  
C. J. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Dual Chamber ◽  
Piezoelectric Polymer ◽  
Pure Rolling ◽  
Piezoelectric Elements ◽  
Strain Data ◽  
Deformation Patterns

ABSTRACT This study presents an investigation of the inner tire surface strain measurement by using piezoelectric polymer transducers adhered on the inner liner of the tire, acting as strain sensors in both conventional and dual-chamber tires. The piezoelectric elements generate electrical charges when strain is applied. The inner liner tire strain can be found from the generated charge. A wireless data logger was employed to measure and transmit the measured signals from the piezoelectric elements to a PC to store and display the readout signals in real time. The strain data can be used as a monitoring system to recognize tire-loading conditions (e.g., traction, braking, and cornering) in smart tire technology. Finite element simulations, using ABAQUS, were employed to estimate tire deformation patterns in both conventional and dual-chamber tires for pure rolling and steady-state cornering conditions for different inflation pressures to simulate on-road and off-road riding tire performances and to compare with the experimental results obtained from both the piezoelectric transducers and tire test rig.

A Modular Race Tire Model Concerning Thermal and Transient Behavior using a Simple Contact Patch Description

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-246
Author(s):  
Timo Völkl ◽  
Robert Lukesch ◽  
Martin Mühlmeier ◽  
Michael Graf ◽  
Hermann Winner
Keyword(s):  
Load Distribution ◽  
Thermal Condition ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Simple Contact ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Descriptive Set

ABSTRACT The potential of a race tire strongly depends on its thermal condition, the load distribution in its contact patch, and the variation of wheel load. The approach described in this paper uses a modular structure consisting of elementary blocks for thermodynamics, transient excitation, and load distribution in the contact patch. The model provides conclusive tire characteristics by adopting the fundamental parameters of a simple mathematical force description. This then allows an isolated parameterization and examination of each block in order to subsequently analyze particular influences on the full model. For the characterization of the load distribution in the contact patch depending on inflation pressure, camber, and the present force state, a mathematical description of measured pressure distribution is used. This affects the tire's grip as well as the heat input to its surface and its casing. In order to determine the thermal condition, one-dimensional partial differential equations at discrete rings over the tire width solve the balance of energy. The resulting surface and rubber temperatures are used to determine the friction coefficient and stiffness of the rubber. The tire's transient behavior is modeled by a state selective filtering, which distinguishes between the dynamics of wheel load and slip. Simulation results for the range of occurring states at dry conditions show a sufficient correlation between the tire model's output and measured tire forces while requiring only a simplified and descriptive set of parameters.

scholarly journals Striated Tire Yaw Marks—Modeling and Validation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4309
Author(s):  
Wojciech Wach ◽  
Jakub Zębala
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Variable Curvature ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
Non Linear Equations

Tire yaw marks deposited on the road surface carry a lot of information of paramount importance for the analysis of vehicle accidents. They can be used: (a) in a macro-scale for establishing the vehicle’s positions and orientation as well as an estimation of the vehicle’s speed at the start of yawing; (b) in a micro-scale for inferring among others things the braking or acceleration status of the wheels from the topology of the striations forming the mark. A mathematical model of how the striations will appear has been developed. The model is universal, i.e., it applies to a tire moving along any trajectory with variable curvature, and it takes into account the forces and torques which are calculated by solving a system of non-linear equations of vehicle dynamics. It was validated in the program developed by the author, in which the vehicle is represented by a 36 degree of freedom multi-body system with the TMeasy tire model. The mark-creating model shows good compliance with experimental data. It gives a deep view of the nature of striated yaw marks’ formation and can be applied in any program for the simulation of vehicle dynamics with any level of simplification.

On the Road Profile Estimation from Vehicle Dynamics Measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Domenico Vella ◽  
Antonio Tota ◽  
Alessandro Vigliani
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Profile ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Profile Estimation

Measuring heavy traffic with WIM-ROAD and WIM-BRIDGE systems in an urban environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Soudijn ◽  
Sebastiaan van Rossum ◽  
Ane de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Road ◽  
Weigh In Motion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Calibration Program

<p>In this paper we present weight measurements of urban heavy traffic comparing two different Weigh In Motion (WIM) systems. One is a WIM-ROAD system using Lineas quartz pressure sensors in the road surface. The other is a WIM-BRIDGE system using optical fibre-based strain sensors which are applied under the bridge to the bottom fibre of a single span of the bridge deck. We have designed our tests to determine which system is most suited to Amsterdam. We put special focus on the accuracy that each system can achieve and have set up an extensive calibration program to determine this. Our ultimate goal is to draw up a realistic traffic load model for Amsterdam. This model would lead to a recommendation that can be used to re- examine the structural safety of existing historic bridges and quay walls, in addition to the current traffic load recommendations.</p>

scholarly journals Design and Kinematics Analysis of Suspension System for a Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE) Car

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-63
Author(s):  
K. Sriram ◽  
K. Anirudh ◽  
B. Jayanth ◽  
J. Anjaneyulu
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Kinematics Analysis ◽  
Kinematic Simulation ◽  
Kinematic Design ◽  
The Road ◽  
Adams Simulation

The main objective of the Suspension of a vehicle is to maximize the contact between the vehicle tires and the road surface, provide steering stability and provide safe vehicle control in all conditions, evenly support the weight of the vehicle, transfer the loads to springs, and guaranteeing the comfort of the driver by absorbing and dampening shock. This paper discusses the kinematic design of a double a-arm Suspension system for an FSAE Vehicle. The hardpoint’s location can be determined using this procedure to simulate motion in any kinematic simulation software. Here, Optimum Kinematics is used as kinematic simulation software, and the results are verified using Msc Adams simulation. The method illustrated deals with the basics of Kinematics which helps to predict the characteristics of the Suspension even before simulating it in the kinematic simulation software.

scholarly journals The Impact of Emergency Parking Bays on Quasi-Eight-Lane Expressway Traffic Operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3432
Author(s):  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Xiaocan Chen ◽  
Dazhi Sun
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Traffic Operations ◽  
Microscopic Simulation ◽  
Lane Changing ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Operation ◽  
The Impact

Recently, with the discrepancy between increasing traffic demand and limited land resources, more and more expressways are choosing to use hard shoulders to expand into quasi-six-lane or quasi-eight-lane roads. Therefore, more emergency parking bays are used in place of traditional parking belts. However, there are no standards defining clear and unified specifications for the design of parking bays. This paper aimed to investigate the impact of emergency parking bays on expressway traffic operations with various traffic volumes and setting conditions. Based on the Monte Carlo method, VISSIM (Verkehr in Städten Simulation, a microscopic simulation software) simulation experiments were conducted using measured traffic operation data from one expressway in Zhejiang province. The probability of unsafe deceleration, lane-changing maneuvers and delay times were considered as the safety and efficiency indexes in this simulation study. The simulation results indicated that the emergency parking vehicle had an increasing impact on the following vehicle as the traffic volume increased. However, the impact pattern was found to be insensitive to the changing of the bay taper length. For low traffic volume, compared with the arrival vehicle, the departure vehicle had more impact on the traffic operation of the mainline. However, the impact of the arrival vehicle became more remarkable as the traffic volume increased. After parking, the waiting time for merging into the mainline was reduced as the volume decreased or as the bay taper increased. Furthermore, reductions caused by varying bay tapers were more significant under high volume conditions. Finally, this study suggests that parking bays are inapplicable when the occupancy of the road space exceeds 20% (about 3000 veh/h), because they would cause significant impact on the safety and efficiency of the expressway. The results of this paper are useful for the design and implementation of emergency parking bays.

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