scholarly journals A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Abrardo ◽  
Alessandro Pozzebon
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Power Dissipation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Transmission Range ◽  
Transmission Scheme ◽  
Time Optimization ◽  
Pervasive Monitoring ◽  
Chain Type

In this paper, a pervasive monitoring system to be deployed in underground environments is presented. The system has been specifically designed for the so-called “Bottini”, i.e., the medieval aqueducts dug beneath the Centre of Siena, Italy. The results of a measurement campaign carried out in the deployment scenario show that the transmission range of LoRa (Long Range) technology is limited to a maximum of 200 m, thus, making the adoption of a classical star topology impossible. Hence, a Linear Sensor Network topology is proposed based on multi-hop LoRa chain-type communications. In this scenario, an ad-hoc transmission scheme is presented that optimally evaluates the wake-up time of all nodes with the aim of minimizing the average energy dissipation deriving from clock offsets. Numerical results show that the proposed wake-up time optimization leads in the best case to a 50% reduction in power dissipation with respect to a scheme that evaluates the wake-up time in a non-optimal way.

Energy Aware Optimized Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Network

2017 ◽  
pp. 156-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok R. Prusty ◽  
Srinivas Sethi ◽  
Ajit Kumar Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Transmission Range ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Hierarchical Routing ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Network Operation

Advancement in wireless technology made human life become simple and easy going. Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Network (WASN) is one of the friendly wireless networks used to monitor the most unfriendly and ever changing dynamic environment that restricts continuous human attention. WASN has drawn significant attentions due to its unique capabilities to deal with complex network operation in highly resource constrained network construct. This ad hoc and unstructured deployment of tiny sensor nodes operate with controlled transmission range, processing capabilities, as well as very limited battery backup. The severe power depletion affects the existence of active nodes. Hence, data forwarding and reliable packet routing in such phenomenon oriented network becoming a challenge. In this chapter the clustering and hierarchical routing approaches for WASN environment has been briefly presented followed by some optimization strategies applicable to cluster routing process. This chapter can help researchers to think fresh dimensions of ongoing research in WASN cluster routing.

Improving the Mechanism of Detecting and Measuring Holes in Ad hoc Wireless Sensor Network

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A Bayoumi ◽  
Tarek M Salem ◽  
Samir M Koriem
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Coverage Hole ◽  
Hole Detection

Abstract Area detection and measuring is one of the most important problems in wireless sensor network because it mainly relates to the continuity and functionality of most routing protocols applied to the region of interest (ROI). Electronics failure, random deployment of nodes, software errors or some phenomena such as fire spreading or water flood could lead to wide death of sensor nodes. The damage on ROI can be controlled by detecting and calculating the area of the holes, resulting from the damaged sensor networks. In this paper, a new mathematical algorithm, wireless sensor hole detection algorithm (WHD), is developed to detect and calculate the holes area in ROI where the sensor nodes are spread randomly. WHD is developed for achieving quality of service in terms of power consumption and average hole detection time. The dynamic behavior of the proposed WHD depends on executing the following steps. Firstly, WHD algorithm divides down the ROI into many cells using the advantage of the grid construction to physically partition the ROI into many small individual cells. Secondly, WHD algorithm works on each cell individually by allocating the nearest three sensor nodes to each of the cell’s coordinates by comparing their positions, WHD connects each cell’s coordinate points with the selected sensor nodes by lines that construct a group of triangles, then WHD calculates the area of upcoming triangles. Repeating the previous step on all the cells, WHD can calculate and locate each hole in the ROI. The performance evaluation depends on the NS-2 simulator as a simulation technique to study and analyze the performance of WHD algorithm. Results show that WHD outperforms, in terms of average energy consumption and average hole discovery time, path density algorithm, novel coverage hole discovery algorithm and distriputed coverage hole Detection.

Energy Aware Optimized Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Network

2020 ◽  
pp. 1494-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok R. Prusty ◽  
Srinivas Sethi ◽  
Ajit Kumar Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Transmission Range ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Hierarchical Routing ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Network Operation

Advancement in wireless technology made human life become simple and easy going. Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Network (WASN) is one of the friendly wireless networks used to monitor the most unfriendly and ever changing dynamic environment that restricts continuous human attention. WASN has drawn significant attentions due to its unique capabilities to deal with complex network operation in highly resource constrained network construct. This ad hoc and unstructured deployment of tiny sensor nodes operate with controlled transmission range, processing capabilities, as well as very limited battery backup. The severe power depletion affects the existence of active nodes. Hence, data forwarding and reliable packet routing in such phenomenon oriented network becoming a challenge. In this chapter the clustering and hierarchical routing approaches for WASN environment has been briefly presented followed by some optimization strategies applicable to cluster routing process. This chapter can help researchers to think fresh dimensions of ongoing research in WASN cluster routing.

scholarly journals E-FUCA: enhancement in fuzzy unequal clustering and routing for sustainable wireless sensor network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Singh Mehra
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Unequal Clustering ◽  
Energy Hole ◽  
Intelligent Decision ◽  
Improved Performance

AbstractWith huge cheap micro-sensing devices deployed, wireless sensor network (WSN) gathers information from the region and delivers it to the base station (BS) for further decision. The hotspot problem occurs when cluster head (CH) nearer to BS may die prematurely due to uneven energy depletion resulting in partitioning the network. To overcome the issue of hotspot or energy hole, unequal clustering is used where variable size clusters are formed. Motivated from the aforesaid discussion, we propose an enhanced fuzzy unequal clustering and routing protocol (E-FUCA) where vital parameters are considered during CH candidate selection, and intelligent decision using fuzzy logic (FL) is taken by non-CH nodes during the selection of their CH for the formation of clusters. To further extend the lifetime, we have used FL for the next-hop choice for efficient routing. We have conducted the simulation experiments for four scenarios and compared the propound protocol’s performance with recent similar protocols. The experimental results validate the improved performance of E-FUCA with its comparative in respect of better lifetime, protracted stability period, and enhanced average energy.

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