scholarly journals Towards Inertial Sensor Based Mobile Gait Analysis: Event-Detection and Spatio-Temporal Parameters

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Teufl ◽  
Michael Lorenz ◽  
Markus Miezal ◽  
Bertram Taetz ◽  
Michael Fröhlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Event Detection ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and test-retest reliability of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) system for gait analysis. Twenty-four healthy subjects conducted a 6-min walking test and were instrumented with seven IMUs and retroreflective markers. A kinematic approach was used to estimate the initial and terminal contact events in real-time. Based on these events twelve spatio-temporal parameters (STP) were calculated. A marker based optical motion capture (OMC) system provided the reference. Event-detection rate was about 99%. Detection offset was below 0.017 s. Relative root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 0.90% to 4.40% for most parameters. However, the parameters that require spatial information of both feet showed higher errors. Step length showed a relative RMSE of 6.69%. Step width and swing width revealed the highest relative RMSE (34.34% and 35.20%). Test-retest results ranged from 0.67 to 0.92, except for the step width (0.25). Summarizing, it appears that the parameters describing the lateral distance between the feet need further improvement. However, the results of the validity and reliability of the IMU system encourage its validation in clinical settings as well as further research.

scholarly journals Computation of spatio-temporal parameters in level walking using a single inertial system in lean and obese adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Cimolin ◽  
Paolo Capodaglio ◽  
Nicola Cau ◽  
Manuela Galli ◽  
Cristina Santovito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Inertial System ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Level Walking ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Instrumented Gait Analysis

AbstractIn recent years, the availability of low-cost equipment capable of recording kinematic data during walking has facilitated the outdoor assessment of gait parameters, thus overcoming the limitations of three-dimensional instrumented gait analysis (3D-GA). The aim of this study is twofold: firstly, to investigate whether a single sensor on the lower trunk could provide valid spatio-temporal parameters in level walking in normal-weight and obese adolescents compared to instrumented gait analysis (GA); secondly, to investigate whether the inertial sensor is capable of capturing the spatio-temporal features of obese adolescent gait. These were assessed in 10 obese and 8 non-obese adolescents using both a single inertial sensor on the lower trunk and an optoelectronic system. The parameters obtained were not statistically different in either normal-weight or obese participants between the two methods. Obese adolescents walked with longer stance and double support phase compared to normal-weight participants. The results showed that the inertial system is a valid means of evaluating spatio-temporal parameters in obese individuals.

scholarly journals Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2093
Author(s):  
Noé Perrotin ◽  
Nicolas Gardan ◽  
Arnaud Lesprillier ◽  
Clément Le Goff ◽  
Jean-Marc Seigneur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Trail Running

The recent popularity of trail running and the use of portable sensors capable of measuring many performance results have led to the growth of new fields in sports science experimentation. Trail running is a challenging sport; it usually involves running uphill, which is physically demanding and therefore requires adaptation to the running style. The main objectives of this study were initially to use three “low-cost” sensors. These low-cost sensors can be acquired by most sports practitioners or trainers. In the second step, measurements were taken in ecological conditions orderly to expose the runners to a real trail course. Furthermore, to combine the collected data to analyze the most efficient running techniques according to the typology of the terrain were taken, as well on the whole trail circuit of less than 10km. The three sensors used were (i) a Stryd sensor (Stryd Inc. Boulder CO, USA) based on an inertial measurement unit (IMU), 6 axes (3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer) fixed on the top of the runner’s shoe, (ii) a Global Positioning System (GPS) watch and (iii) a heart belt. Twenty-eight trail runners (25 men, 3 women: average age 36 ± 8 years; height: 175.4 ± 7.2 cm; weight: 68.7 ± 8.7 kg) of different levels completed in a single race over a 8.5 km course with 490 m of positive elevation gain. This was performed with different types of terrain uphill (UH), downhill (DH), and road sections (R) at their competitive race pace. On these sections of the course, cadence (SF), step length (SL), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), vertical oscillation (VO), leg stiffness (Kleg), and power (P) were measured with the Stryd. Heart rate, speed, ascent, and descent speed were measured by the heart rate belt and the GPS watch. This study showed that on a ≤10 km trail course the criteria for obtaining a better time on the loop, determined in the test, was consistency in the effort. In a high percentage of climbs (>30%), two running techniques stand out: (i) maintaining a high SF and a short SL and (ii) decreasing the SF but increasing the SL. In addition, it has been shown that in steep (>28%) and technical descents, the average SF of the runners was higher. This happened when their SL was shorter in lower steep and technically challenging descents.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Gait Analysis Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 872-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Shin Cho ◽  
Seong-Ho Jang ◽  
Jae-Sung Cho ◽  
Mi-Jung Kim ◽  
Hyeok Dong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Inertial Measurement

scholarly journals Age-related features of walking with cognitive tasks

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
V. M. Moroz ◽  
M. V. Yoltukhivskyy ◽  
O. V. Vlasenko ◽  
G. S. Moskovko ◽  
O. V. Bogomaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Spatial Parameters ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Support Time

Human walking is considered as a complex cognitive act. The research purpose is an analysis of age-related features of spatio-temporal parameters of human walking and directions of their changes at walking with dual (cognitive) tasks. The walking spatio-temporal indexes were studied in 608 individuals of both sexes aged 12-43 years by GAITRite® (CIR Systems Inc.,Clifton, NJ) under normal walking at individually comfortable velocity and under additional cognitive tasks: 1) sequentially pronounce aloud any known animals; 2) starting from a number 100, subtract 7 and pronounce the result aloud. The statistical processing of the got results was carried out in the licensed software “STATISTICA 5.5”. At performing the first, simpler, task, the spatial parameters had no significant changes in all age groups. Most of the temporal parameters changed: cycle time, swing time, single support time, and double support time increased. Therefore, equilibrium maintaining at walking with naming animals is realized with a longer overall support period, reducing the walking cadence and velocity. The constant width of the support base and the angle of the feet turn indicate that the magnitudes of the functional support base and angle of the feet turn at normal walking is sufficient to maintain posture and balance at walking with simultaneous performance of the cognitive task, as well as more rigid mechanisms of regulation of these two parameters. The walking temporal parameters are more labile than spatial parameters. With age, the percentage of the integral index of walking quality (FAP) decreases especially in females: in girls by 15.3 %, in young women by 14.4 %, in middle-aged women by 7.4 %. At performing the second, more complex, arithmetic task, in young men and young girls support base, toe-in-out, step length difference had no significant changes only. The mean velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, step extremity ratio decreased. The count of steps, all temporal parameters, and stance percentage increased. FAP declined critically by 30.4 % in young men and 33.4 % in young women, indicating a decrease in balance and body stability under walking with cognitive task and increasing the risk of falls. Therefore, a significant reduction in FAP can be used as a diagnostic criterion in neurological practice.

Long-distance running training system based on inertial sensor network

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yingjiao Xiang ◽  
Baishun Sun ◽  
Zhiqin Wang ◽  
Fatma Taher
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Training System ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Training ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Analysis System

Long-distance running is an advantage of Chinese sports, but compared with the world level, there is still a big gap. Therefore, an advanced long-distance running training system is urgently needed to scientifically train our long-distance runners to change this situation. The purpose of this article is to study the long-distance running training system under inertial sensor network. According to the actual situation at home and abroad, a human gait analysis system based on inertial sensors is designed. Gait parameters are transformed into clinical medicine through related algorithms and software platforms. Experimental results show that although the step length calculated by the gait analysis system is different from the actual step length, the error value is small, kept below 3 cm, and the error percentage is less than 2%, which meets the accuracy requirements of gait analysis. This fully proves the feasibility of the zero-speed correction method in gait analysis.

Mobile inertial sensor based gait analysis: Validity and reliability of spatiotemporal gait characteristics in healthy seniors

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Donath ◽  
Oliver Faude ◽  
Eric Lichtenstein ◽  
Geert Pagenstert ◽  
Corina Nüesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Gait Characteristics

scholarly journals Fall-related functional impairments in patients with neurological gait disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Ehrhardt ◽  
Pascal Hostettler ◽  
Lucas Widmer ◽  
Katja Reuter ◽  
Jens Alexander Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Gait Characteristics ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractFalls are common in patients with neurological disorders and are a primary cause of injuries. Nonetheless, fall-associated gait characteristics are poorly understood in these patients. Objective, quantitative gait analysis is an important tool to identify the principal fall-related motor characteristics and to advance fall prevention in patients with neurological disorders. Fall incidence was assessed in 60 subjects with different neurological disorders. Patients underwent a comprehensive set of functional assessments including instrumented gait analysis, computerized postural assessments and clinical walking tests. Determinants of falls were assessed by binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operator characteristics (ROC). The best single determinant of fallers was a step length reduction at slow walking speed reaching an accuracy of 67.2% (ROC AUC: 0.669; p = 0.027). The combination of 4 spatio-temporal gait parameters including step length and parameters of variability and asymmetry were able to classify fallers and non-fallers with an accuracy of 81.0% (ROC AUC: 0.882; p < 0.001). These findings suggest significant differences in specific spatio-temporal gait parameters between fallers and non-fallers among neurological patients. Fall-related impairments were mainly identified for spatio-temporal gait characteristics, suggesting that instrumented, objective gait analysis is an important tool to estimate patients' fall risk. Our results highlight pivotal fall-related walking deficits that might be targeted by future rehabilitative interventions that aim at attenuating falls.

scholarly journals Assessing Gait in Parkinson’s Disease Using Wearable Motion Sensors: A Systematic Review

Diseases ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Brognara ◽  
Pierpaolo Palumbo ◽  
Bernd Grimm ◽  
Luca Palmerini
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Wearable Motion Sensors

: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Gait impairments are common among people with PD. Wearable sensor systems can be used for gait analysis by providing spatio-temporal parameters useful to investigate the progression of gait problems in Parkinson disease. However, various methods and tools with very high variability have been developed. The aim of this study is to review published articles of the last 10 years (from 2008 to 2018) concerning the application of wearable sensors to assess spatio-temporal parameters of gait in patients with PD. We focus on inertial sensors used for gait analysis in the clinical environment (i.e., we do not cover the use of inertial sensors to monitor walking or general activities at home, in unsupervised environments). Materials and Methods: Relevant articles were searched in the Medline database using Pubmed. Results and Discussion: Two hundred ninety-four articles were initially identified while searching the scientific literature regarding this topic. Thirty-six articles were selected and included in this review. Conclusion: Wearable motion sensors are useful, non-invasive, low-cost, and objective tools that are being extensively used to perform gait analysis on PD patients. Being able to diagnose and monitor the progression of PD patients makes wearable sensors very useful to evaluate clinical efficacy before and after therapeutic interventions. However, there is no uniformity in the use of wearable sensors in terms of: number of sensors, positioning, chosen parameters, and other characteristics. Future research should focus on standardizing the measurement setup and selecting which spatio-temporal parameters are the most informative to analyze gait in PD. These parameters should be provided as standard assessments in all studies to increase replicability and comparability of results.

scholarly journals Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop in Post-Stroke People: Quantitative Effects on Step-to-Step Symmetry of Gait Using a Wearable Inertial Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Giulia Schifino ◽  
Veronica Cimolin ◽  
Massimiliano Pau ◽  
Maira Jaqueline da Cunha ◽  
Bruno Leban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Foot Drop ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Trunk Acceleration ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The main purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of foot drop stimulators (FDS) in individuals with stroke by means of spatio-temporal and step-to-step symmetry, harmonic ratio (HR), parameters obtained from trunk accelerations acquired using a wearable inertial sensor. Thirty-two patients (age: 56.84 ± 9.10 years; 68.8% male) underwent an instrumental gait analysis, performed using a wearable inertial sensor before and a day after the 10-session treatment (PRE and POST sessions). The treatment consisted of 10 sessions of 20 min of walking on a treadmill while using the FDS device. The spatio-temporal parameters and the HR in the anteroposterior (AP), vertical (V), and mediolateral (ML) directions were computed from trunk acceleration data. The results showed that time had a significant effect on the spatio-temporal parameters; in particular, a significant increase in gait speed was detected. Regarding the HRs, the HR in the ML direction was found to have significantly increased (+20%), while those in the AP and V directions decreased (approximately 13%). Even if further studies are necessary, from these results, the HR seems to provide additional information on gait patterns with respect to the traditional spatio-temporal parameters, advancing the assessment of the effects of FDS devices in stroke patients.

scholarly journals Accuracy Verification of Spatio-Temporal and Kinematic Parameters for Gait Using Inertial Measurement Unit System

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Seok Yeo ◽  
Ga Young Park
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Inertial measurement unit systems are wearable sensors that can measure the movement of a human in real-time with relatively little space and high portability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) system for gait analysis by comparing it with measurements obtained using an optical motion capture (OMC) system. To compare the accuracies of these two different motion capture systems, the Spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters were measured in young adults during normal walking. Thirty healthy participants participated in the study. Data were collected while walking 5 strides on a 7 m walkway at a self-selected speed. Results of gait analysis showed that the Spatio-temporal (stride time, stride length, cadence, step length) and kinematic (knee joint peak to peak of movement) parameters were not significantly different in the participant. Spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters of the two systems were compared using the Bland–Altman method. The results obtained showed that the measurements of Spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters of gait by the two systems were similar, which suggested that IMU and OMC systems could be used interchangeably for gait measurements. Therefore, gait analysis performed using the wearable IMU system might efficiently provide gait measurements and enable accurate analysis.

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