scholarly journals The Identification of Seven Chemical Warfare Mimics Using a Colorimetric Array

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kangas ◽  
Adreanna Ernest ◽  
Rachel Lukowicz ◽  
Andres Mora ◽  
Anais Quossi ◽  
...  

Chemical warfare agents pose significant threats in the 21st century, especially for armed forces. A colorimetric detection array was developed to identify warfare mimics, including mustard gas and nerve agents. In total, 188 sensors were screened to determine the best sensor performance, in order to identify warfare mimics 2-chloro ethyl ethylsulfide, 2-2′-thiodiethanol, trifluoroacetic acid, methylphosphonic acid, dimethylphosphite, diethylcyanophosphonate, and diethyl (methylthiomethyl)phosphonate. The highest loadings in the principle component analysis (PCA) plots were used to identify the sensors that were most effective in analyzing the RGB data to classify the warfare mimics. The dataset was reduced to only twelve sensors, and PCA results gave comparable results as the large data did, demonstrating that only twelve sensors are needed to classify the warfare mimics.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (32) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Jon A. Ashley ◽  
Chao-Hsiung Lin ◽  
Peter Wirsching ◽  
Kim D. Janda

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Nickelsen ◽  
William J. Cooper ◽  
Kevin E. O’Shea ◽  
Martha Aguilar ◽  
David V. Kalen ◽  
...  

AbstractThe stockpile of chemical warfare agents in the US is estimated at greater than 25,000 metric tons. The disposal of these chemicals poses both potential environmental impact and health risks. This issue is highly controversial because incineration has been adopted by the armed forces as the destruction method. Destruction of the stockpile by irradiation of a wkter solution is a viable alternative to incineration. Bench-scale (


2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
L.A. Ustinova ◽  
V.A. Barkevych ◽  
N.V. Kurdil ◽  
R.M. Shvets ◽  
V.I. Saglo ◽  
...  

Relevance. Nowadays, Ukraine, where armed conflict takes place, has the highest risk of chemical hazard among countries of European region that induces the need for completing medical service and specialforces of Ukrainian Armed Forces with modern chemical-warfare reconnaissance means. Objective: analysis of modern methods for identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical-warfare reconnaissance means that are assured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in terms of correspondence with current EU and NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific information in terms of use of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapon in modern warfare and armed conflicts was performed. Traditional methods and means for identification of chemical warfare agents were reviewed. The following methods of scientific study were applied: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systemic and informational approach. Results and discussion. Authors have performed the analysis of technical characteristics of chemical-warfare reconnaissance means and controls used in the Ukrainian Armed Forces, and have determined promising trends in retooling of outmoded devices. It has been emphasized that historical problem for Ukraine is the lack of own industrial production basis for technical modernization and development of novel devices for chemical-warfare reconnaissance, chemical analysis and appropriate consumables (indicator kits, indicator tubes, chemical reagents, etc.). Proposals are provided in terms of improvement of the abilities of the medical service for the assurance of medical protection of military servants under conditions of terrorist threats and warfightings, when an enemy uses mass destruction weapons. Authors underline that current technical chemical-warfare reconnaissance and chemical control means that are in the operational service of medical service and Special Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces require refitting and modernization via import phase-out of the current Soviet (Russian) pieces with analogues that are produced and are in the operational service of NATO countries. The specified way will significantly reduce time to retool the military forces and will not require special retraining of professionals. Conclusion. Modern tasks of chemical-warfare reconnaissance require principally new approach to the development of the methods and technologies for creation of the technical means basis in Ukraine that would provide the required sensitivity, efficiency and specificity in terms of identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapons. Key words: military toxicology, chemical weapon, identification of chemical warfare agents.


2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-42
Author(s):  
L.A. Ustinova ◽  
V.A. Barkevych ◽  
N.V. Kurdil ◽  
R.M. Shvets ◽  
V.I. Saglo ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT. Modern chemical-warfare (CW) reconnaissance tasks require a fundamentally new approach to the development of methods and technologies to create a database of technical means that provide the necessary sensitivity, responsiveness and specificity. This phase of the study involves chemical control equipment that is in operational service with EU and NATO armies. Objective: analysis of current international technological standards in the field of control of chemical warfare agents, which are in operational service with EU and NATO armies. Materials and Мethods. Domestic and foreign sources of scientific information, covering current issues of CBRN security in terms of chemical substances control equipment in EU and NATO countries and review of the prospects of their introduction into the arsenal of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The following methods of scientific research were applied: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systematic and informational approach, expert assessments. Results and Discussion. The analysis of foreign chemical control equipment showed that the most priority are portable gas alarms, robotic and air complexes of CW reconnaissance with the possibility of remote detection of the contaminated area, their integration into automated control systems, which provide prompt collection, processing and transfer of information on changing the chemical environment. As for modern chemical control tools in EU and NATO countries in the field of detection and identification of chemical warfare agents and hazardous chemicals, chemical, physical and chemical, biochemical and spectrometric methods are the most applied due to the speed and high reliability of the results. Currently, there is a need to equip the units of the tactical branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Preventive Medicine Service of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine with a multi-purpose warning system of radiation and chemical threats. The compatibility of the warning and troop commanding system will reduce the loss of military personnel and machines during possible combat operations using weapons of mass destruction, as the systems will increase the speed of decision making on the use of individual and collective protective equipment. Conclusion. Harmonization of the standards of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with NATO standards in the field of chemical control is a complex task that requires changes in the system of standards of medical care, which include regulatory, engineering, tactical, medical, educational, and other processes. National scientific and technical potential may be the basis for the creation of new and improved technologies for the production of CW reconnaissance devices and means to indicate chemical warfare agents (CWA) for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Keywords: military toxicology, chemical weapon, identification of chemical warfare agents.


2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-872
Author(s):  
Pavel Otřísal ◽  
Zdeněk Melichařík

Abstract Current decontamination mixtures which are established within the Czech Armed Forces are designated for decontamination of all types of surfaces and they are very often prepared by specialists with practically no knowledge related to their destructive properties. The Czech Armed Forces Chemical Corps specialists are challenged to relatively new security threats concerning fight Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Materials in all type of military operations. The aim of the article is to discuss some security threats and some new trends within decontamination and point to the some influences on the Czech Armed Forces Chemical Corps specialists´ personnel protection.


2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrida Neimanis ◽  
Aleksija Neimanis ◽  
Cecilia Åsberg

At the end of World War II, tens of thousands of tons of chemical warfare agents – mostly mustard gas – were dumped in the Gotland Deep – a deep basin in the middle of the otherwise shallow Baltic Sea. Decades later, these weapons are being reactivated – both literally (perhaps on the faces of dead seals, and in fishermen’s nets) and also in our imaginations. In this story that recounts the beginning of our research into this situation, militarization meets with environmental concern: the past floats into the present, where humans and non-humans are equally implicated, where the sea itself conditions the kinds of questions we can ask, and answers we might get, and where terms like ‘threat’ and ‘risk’ remain undecided. After spending time on Gotland Island – the closest terrestrial site to these weapons dumps – we ask what kinds of research methods might be adequate to these tangled, underwater tales that we find so difficult to fathom.


2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Raluca-Elena Ginghina ◽  
Gabriela Toader ◽  
Munizer Purica ◽  
Adriana-Elena Bratu ◽  
Claudiu Lazaroaie ◽  
...  

The present work reveals a comprehensive decontamination study on real and simulated biological and chemical warfare agents (BCWA). The emphasis was on evaluating the antimicrobial activity against real biological warfare agents, such as Bacillus anthracis, and also the capacity of neutralizing real chemical warfare agents, such as mustard gas or soman, by employing three different types of organic solutions enriched with ZnO, TiO2, and zeolite nanoparticles, specially designed for decontamination applications. The capacity of decontaminating BCWA was evaluated through specific investigation tools, including surface monitoring with the swabs method, minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) evaluations, time-kill tests for microorganisms, and GC-MS for monitoring chemical agents on different types of surfaces (glass, painted metal, rubber, and cotton butyl rubber). These tests revealed high decontamination factors for BCWA even after only 10 min, accomplishing the requirements imposed by NATO standards. At the completion of the decontamination process, the formulations reached 100% efficacy for Bacillus anthracis after 10–15 min, for soman after 20–30 min, and for mustard gas in an interval comprised between 5 and 24 h depending on the type of surface analyzed.


2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (S 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Iwasaki ◽  
S Miyamoto ◽  
K Ishii ◽  
T Takeda ◽  
T Ohto ◽  
...  

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