scholarly journals A Portable Biosensor for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Vapors

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Prante ◽  
Christian Ude ◽  
Miriam Große ◽  
Lukas Raddatz ◽  
Ulrich Krings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Explosive Material ◽  
Oxygen Penetration ◽  
Oxygen Penetration Depth ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Buried Explosive ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Current Detection ◽  
Related Compounds

Buried explosive material, e.g., landmines, represent a severe issue for human safety all over the world. Most explosives consist of environmentally hazardous chemicals like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), carcinogenic 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and related compounds. Vapors leaking from buried landmines offer a detection marker for landmines, presenting an option to detect landmines without relying on metal detection. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT), an impurity and byproduct of common TNT synthesis, is a feasible detection marker since it is extremely volatile. We report on the construction of a wireless, handy and cost effective 2,4-dinitrotoluene biosensor combining recombinant bioluminescent bacterial cells and a compact, portable optical detection device. This biosensor could serve as a potential alternative to the current detection technique. The influence of temperature, oxygen and different immobilization procedures on bioluminescence were tested. Oxygen penetration depth in agarose gels was investigated, and showed that aeration with molecular oxygen is necessary to maintain bioluminescence activity at higher cell densities. Bioluminescence was low even at high cell densities and 2,4-DNT concentrations, hence optimization of different prototypes was carried out regarding radiation surface of the gels used for immobilization. These findings were applied to sensor construction, and 50 ppb gaseous 2,4-DNT was successfully detected.

scholarly journals Molecular identification and antimicrobial activities of some wild Egyptian mushrooms: Bjerkandera adusta as a promising source of bioactive antimicrobial phenolic compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham R. S. Soliman ◽  
Heba El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Bjerkandera Adusta ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Agrocybe Aegerita ◽  
Encoding Gene ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract Background The discovery of potential, new cost-effective drug resources in the form of bioactive compounds from mushrooms is one way to control the resistant pathogens. In the present research, the fruiting bodies of five wild mushrooms were collected from Egypt and identified using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA encoding gene and their phylogenetic relationships, antimicrobial activities, and biochemical and phenolic compounds were evaluated. Results The sequences revealed identity to Bjerkandera adusta, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Agrocybe aegerita, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Lentinus squarrosulus in which Cyclocybe cylindracea and Agrocybe aegerita were closely related, while Chlorophyllum molybdites was far distant. Cyclocybe cylindracea and Agrocybe aegerita showed 100% similarity based on the sequenced ITS-rDNA fragment and dissimilar antimicrobial activities and chemical composition were detected. Bjerkandera adusta and Cyclocybe cylindracea showed strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. This activity could be attributed to the detected phenolic and related compounds’ contents. Conclusion Our finding provides a quick and robust implement for mushroom identification that would facilitate mushroom domestication and characterization for human benefit.

scholarly journals High Productivity Ethanol Fermentation of Glucose & Xylose Using Membrane Assisted Continuous Cell Recycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Gautam Degweker ◽  
Arvind Lali
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Fermentation ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Continuous Fermentation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Cell ◽  
Cell Recycle ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Ethanol Yields ◽  
Cell Densities

Rapid and high yield conversion of xylose to ethanol remains a signi cant bottleneck in the cost-effective production of ethanol using mixed sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass (LBM). The present study attempts to circumvent this by separate continuous fermentation of glucose and xylose using high cell densities of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (ICT-1) and a Scheffersomyces stipitis mutant (M1CD), respectively with the help of external micro ltration membrane assisted cell recycle. Different cell densities and aeration rates for xylose fermentation were studied for optimizing continuous fermentation. Consistent high ethanol yields and productivities of 0.46 g/g and 5.19 g/L/h with glucose; and 0.38 g/g and 1.62 g/L/h with xylose; were achieved in simple media. This provided an average ethanol yield of 0.44 g/g on combined sugars, and average productivity of 3.4 g/L/h which is higher than typical molasses-based batch ethanol fermentation. The study thus highlights the potential of high cell density recycle strategy as an effective approach for separate ethanol fermentation of LBM derived sugars.

scholarly journals Efficient and cost-effective bacterial mRNA sequencing from low input samples through ribosomal RNA depletion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chatarin Wangsanuwat ◽  
Kellie A. Heom ◽  
Estella Liu ◽  
Michelle A. O’Malley ◽  
Siddharth S. Dey
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Mrna Sequencing

AbstractRNA sequencing is a powerful approach to quantify the genome-wide distribution of mRNA molecules in a population to gain deeper understanding of cellular functions and phenotypes. However, unlike eukaryotic cells, mRNA sequencing of bacterial samples is more challenging due to the absence of a poly-A tail that typically enables efficient capture and enrichment of mRNA from the abundant rRNA molecules in a cell. Moreover, bacterial cells frequently contain 100-fold lower quantities of RNA compared to mammalian cells, which further complicates mRNA sequencing from non-cultivable and non-model bacterial species. To overcome these limitations, we report EMBR-seq (Enrichment of mRNA by Blocked rRNA), a method that efficiently depletes 5S, 16S and 23S rRNA using blocking primers to prevent their amplification, resulting in greater than 80% of the sequenced RNA molecules from an E. coli culture deriving from mRNA. We demonstrate that this increased efficiency provides a deeper view of the transcriptome without introducing technical amplification-induced biases. Moreover, compared to recent methods that employ a large array of oligonucleotides to deplete rRNA, EMBR-seq uses a single oligonucleotide per rRNA, thereby making this new technology significantly more cost-effective, especially when applied to varied bacterial species. Finally, compared to existing commercial kits for bacterial rRNA depletion, we show that EMBR-seq can be used to successfully quantify the transcriptome from more than 500-fold lower starting total RNA. Thus, EMBR-seq provides an efficient and cost-effective approach to quantify global gene expression profiles from low input bacterial samples.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Arginine and its Related Compounds on Bacterial Cells during Freeze-Drying

1965 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiki Morichi ◽  
Ryozaburo Irie ◽  
Nobuhiro Yano ◽  
Hiroshi Kembo
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Related Compounds

scholarly journals A Recombinant Snake Cathelicidin Derivative Peptide: Antibiofilm Properties and Expression in Escherichia coli

Biomolecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedeh Tajbakhsh ◽  
Maziar Akhavan ◽  
Fatemeh Fallah ◽  
Abdollah Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Recombinant Peptide

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic microorganisms has been led to an urgent need for antibiotic alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been introduced as promising therapeutic agents because of their remarkable potentials. A new modified cathelicidin-BF peptide (Cath-A) with 34 amino acid sequences, represents the potential antimicrobial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with slight hemolytic and cytotoxic activities on eukaryotic cells. In this study, the effects of Cath-A on Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from medical instruments were studied. Cath-A inhibited the growth of bacterial cells in the range of 8–16 μg/mL and 16-≥256 μg/mL for A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The peptide significantly removed the established biofilms. To display a representative approach for the cost-effective constructions of peptides, the recombinant Cath-A was cloned in the expression vector pET-32a(+) and transformed to Escherichia coli BL21. The peptide was expressed with a thioredoxin (Trx) sequence in optimum conditions. The recombinant peptide was purified with a Ni2+ affinity chromatography and the mature peptide was released after removing the Trx fusion protein with enterokinase. The final concentration of the partially purified peptide was 17.6 mg/L of a bacterial culture which exhibited antimicrobial activities. The current expression and purification method displayed a fast and effective system to finally produce active Cath-A for further in-vitro study usage.

Efficacy of Aerosolized Peroxyacetic Acid as a Sanitizer of Lettuce Leaves

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1743-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE-WOOK OH ◽  
GENISIS IRIS DANCER ◽  
DONG-HYUN KANG
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Iceberg Lettuce ◽  
Model Aerosol ◽  
Potential Alternative

Aerosolized sanitizer was investigated as a potential alternative to aqueous and gaseous sanitizers for produce. Peroxyacetic acid was aerosolized (5.42 to 11.42 μm particle diameter) by a commercially available nebulizer into a model cabinet. Iceberg lettuce leaves were inoculated with three strains each of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium and then treated with aerosolized peroxyacetic acid for 10, 30, or 60 min in a model aerosol cabinet at room temperature (22 ± 2°C). After treatment, surviving healthy and injured bacterial cells were enumerated on appropriate selective agars or using the overlay agar method. Inoculated iceberg lettuce leaves exposed to aerosolized peroxyacetic acid for 10 min exhibited a 0.8-log reduction in E. coli O157:H7, a 0.3-log reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium, and a 2.5-log reduction in L. monocytogenes when compared with the control. After 30 min of treatment, the three pathogens were reduced by 2.2, 3.3, and 2.7 log, and after 60 min, the reductions were 3.4, 4.5, and 3.8 log, respectively. Aerosolization may be a new and convenient method for sanitizing produce for storage or shipping.

scholarly journals Microalgae Biomass as a Potential Feedstock for the Carboxylate Platform

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 4404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena ◽  
González-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Carboxylate Platform ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Potential Alternative

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are chemical building blocks for industries, and are mainly produced via the petrochemical pathway. However, the anaerobic fermentation (AF) process gives a potential alternative to produce these organic acids using renewable resources. For this purpose, waste streams, such as microalgae biomass, might constitute a cost-effective feedstock to obtain VFAs. The present review is intended to summarize the inherent potential of microalgae biomass for VFA production. Different strategies, such as the use of pretreatments to the inoculum and the manipulation of operational conditions (pH, temperature, organic loading rate or hydraulic retention time) to promote VFA production from different microalgae strains, are discussed. Microbial structure analysis using microalgae biomass as a substrate is pointed out in order to further comprehend the roles of bacteria and archaea in the AF process. Finally, VFA applications in different industry fields are reviewed.

scholarly journals Hydrolysis of penicillins and related compounds by the cell-bound penicillin acylase of Escherichia coli

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Penicillin Acylase ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Phenoxymethyl Penicillin ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Penicillanic Acid ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Related Compounds

1. A method is given for the preparation of penicillin acylase by using Escherichia coli N.C.I.B. 8743 and a strain selected for higher yield. The enzyme is associated with the bacterial cells and removes the side chains of penicillins to give 6-amino-penicillanic acid and a carboxylic acid. 2. The rates of penicillin deacylation indicated that p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin was the best substrate, followed in diminishing order by benzyl-, dl-α-hydroxybenzyl-, 2-furylmethyl-, 2-thienylmethyl-, d-α-aminobenzyl-, n-propoxymethyl- and isobutoxymethyl-penicillin. Phenylpenicillin and dl-α-carboxybenzylpenicillin were not substrates and phenoxymethyl-penicillin was very poor. 3. Amides and esters of the above penicillins were also substrates for the deacylation reaction, as were cephalosporins with a thienylmethyl side chain. 4. For the deacylation of 2-furylmethylpenicillin at 21° the optimum pH was 8·2. The optimum temperature was 60° at pH7. 5. By using selection A of N.C.I.B. 8743 and determining reaction velocities by assaying yields of 6-amino-penicillanic acid in a 10min. reaction at 50° and pH8·2, the Km for benzylpenicillin was found to be about 30mm and the Km for 2-furylmethylpenicillin, about 10mm. The Vmax. values were 0·6 and 0·24μmole/min./mg. of bacterial cells respectively.

scholarly journals Chemical and thermal stabilization of CotA laccase via a novel one-step expression and immobilization in muNS-Mi nanospheres

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Pose-Boirazian ◽  
Gemma Eibes ◽  
Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro ◽  
Cristina Díaz-Jullien ◽  
Juan M. Lema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stabilization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Chemical Inactivation ◽  
Cota Laccase ◽  
One Step ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Activity Loss

AbstractA methodology that programs eukaryotic or bacterial cells to encapsulate proteins of any kind inside micro/nanospheres formed by muNS-Mi viral protein was developed in our laboratory. In the present study such “in cellulo” encapsulation technology is utilized for immobilizing a protein with an enzymatic activity of industrial interest, CotA laccase. The encapsulation facilitates its purification, resulting in a cost-effective, one-step way of producing immobilized enzymes for industrial use. In addition to the ability to be recycled without activity loss, the encapsulated protein showed an increased pH working range and high resistance to chemical inactivation. Also, its activity was almost unaffected after 30 min incubation at 90 °C and 15 min at the almost-boiling temperature of 95 °C. Furthermore, the encapsulated laccase was able to efficiently decolorate the recalcitrant dye RB19 at room temperature.

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