scholarly journals Conformal and Disposable Antenna-Based Sensor for Non-Invasive Sweat Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie Eldamak ◽  
Elise Fear
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Paper Substrate ◽  
Antenna Structure ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
Cellulose Filter

This paper presents a feasibility study for a non-wearable, conformal, low cost, and disposable antenna-based sensor for non-invasive hydration monitoring using sweat. It is composed of a patch antenna implemented on a cellulose filter paper substrate and operating in the range 2–4 GHz. The paper substrate can absorb liquids, such as sweat on the skin, through two slots incorporated within the antenna structure. Thus, the substrate dielectric properties are altered according to the properties of the absorbed liquid. Changes in reflection-based measurements are used to analyze salt solutions and artificial sweat, specifically the amount of sampled solution and the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration. Using the shift in resonant frequency and magnitude of the reflection coefficient, NaCl concentrations in the range of 8.5–200 mmol/L, representing different hydration states, are detected. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility of using microwave based measurements for hydration monitoring using sweat.

Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for Sensing and Tracking Communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1532-1538
Author(s):  
Priya Anumuthu ◽  
Kaja Sultan ◽  
Manavalan Saravanan ◽  
Mohd Ali ◽  
Manikandan Venkatesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reconfigurable Antennas ◽  
Planar Waveguides ◽  
Impedance Bandwidth ◽  
Antenna Element ◽  
Antenna Structure ◽  
High Frequency Structure Simulator ◽  
Single Antenna ◽  
Arduino Microcontroller

This paper presents a front-end structure of a reconfigurable patch antenna for cognitive radio systems. The antenna structure consists of an Ultrawideband (UWB) sensing antenna and an array of frequency reconfigurable antennas incorporated on the same substrate. The UWB and reconfigurable antennas are fed by co-planar waveguides (CPW). The reconfigurability is achieved by rotating the series of patch antennas through a certain angle and the rotation is controlled by mechanical means using an Arduino microcontroller. The rotational reconfigurability has been preferred over MEMS switches, PIN diodes, and other lumped elements because the latter requires the need for bias lines. The entire structure is designed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and the prototype is fabricated over FR-4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6mm and measurements are carried out. This antenna achieves a wideband frequency from 2 GHz to 12 GHz and distinct narrow band of frequencies by reconfigurability using single antenna consisting of different shapes spaced accurately to ensure isolation between adjacent frequency bands and each antenna element working for a bandwidth of 2 GHz for frequency from 2 GHz to 12 GHz upon a single substrate and the reconfigurable elements are controlled using a low cost Arduino microcontroller connected directly to the antenna which ensures accurate controlling of the rotation and fast switching between the antenna elements. The measured results agree with the simulated results and have less than 10 dB impedance bandwidth.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of Multiband Bloom Shaped Patch Antenna for IoT Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 4578-4585
Author(s):  
R Ramasamy Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Ratio Measurement ◽  
Antenna Structure ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Gain Measurement

A Microstrip Bloom shaped patch antenna is proposed for Internet of Things (IoT) application. This antenna operates at multiband frequencies between 1.6 GHz to 2.45 GHz. The Bloom shaped antenna provides multiband response that examined in HFSS Software. In this proposed antenna design, FR4 substrate material is used because it is easily available and low cost.  The proposed antenna structure simulated and analyzed in different experimental results including return loss measurement, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio measurement, radiation pattern measurement and gain measurement. This proposed Multiband Microstrip Bloom shaped patch antenna provides better experimental results in all the parameters

scholarly journals The grades and freshness assessment of eggs based on density detection using machine vision and weighing sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Supakorn Harnsoongnoen ◽  
Nuananong Jaroensuk
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Egg Freshness

AbstractThe water displacement and flotation are two of the most accurate and rapid methods for grading and assessing freshness of agricultural products based on density determination. However, these techniques are still not suitable for use in agricultural inspections of products such as eggs that absorb water which can be considered intrusive or destructive and can affect the result of measurements. Here we present a novel proposal for a method of non-destructive, non-invasive, low cost, simple and real—time monitoring of the grading and freshness assessment of eggs based on density detection using machine vision and a weighing sensor. This is the first proposal that divides egg freshness into intervals through density measurements. The machine vision system was developed for the measurement of external physical characteristics (length and breadth) of eggs for evaluating their volume. The weighing system was developed for the measurement of the weight of the egg. Egg weight and volume were used to calculate density for grading and egg freshness assessment. The proposed system could measure the weight, volume and density with an accuracy of 99.88%, 98.26% and 99.02%, respectively. The results showed that the weight and freshness of eggs stored at room temperature decreased with storage time. The relationship between density and percentage of freshness was linear for the all sizes of eggs, the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9982, 0.9999, 0.9996, 0.9996 and 0.9994 for classified egg size classified 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. This study shows that egg freshness can be determined through density without using water to test for water displacement or egg flotation which has future potential as a measuring system important for the poultry industry.

scholarly journals A Novel Electrically Small Ground-Penetrating Radar Patch Antenna with a Parasitic Ring for Respiration Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1930
Author(s):  
Di Shi ◽  
Taimur Aftab ◽  
Gunnar Gidion ◽  
Fatma Sayed ◽  
Leonhard M. Reindl
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Gas Explosions ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Electromagnetic Characteristics ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Quick Search

An electrically small patch antenna with a low-cost high-permittivity ceramic substrate material for use in a ground-penetrating radar is proposed in this work. The antenna is based on a commercial ceramic 915 MHz patch antenna with a size of 25 × 25 × 4 mm3 and a weight of 12.9 g. The influences of the main geometric parameters on the antenna’s electromagnetic characteristics were comprehensively studied. Three bandwidth improvement techniques were sequentially applied to optimize the antenna: tuning the key geometric parameters, adding cuts on the edges, and adding parasitic radiators. The designed antenna operates at around 1.3 GHz and has more than 40 MHz continuous −3 dB bandwidth. In comparison to the original antenna, the −3 and −6 dB fractional bandwidth is improved by 1.8 times and 4 times, respectively. Two antennas of the proposed design together with a customized radar were installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for a quick search for survivors after earthquakes or gas explosions without exposing the rescue staff to the uncertain dangers of moving on the debris.

scholarly journals Single-Layer Line-Fed Broadband Microstrip Patch Antenna on Thin Substrates

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Roberto Vincenti Gatti ◽  
Riccardo Rossi ◽  
Marco Dionigi
Keyword(s):  
Patch Antenna ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Microstrip Antennas ◽  
Microstrip Patch Antenna ◽  
Layer Line ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Microstrip Patch ◽  
Effective Design

In this work, the issue of limited bandwidth typical of microstrip antennas realized on a single thin substrate is addressed. A simple yet effective design approach is proposed based on the combination of traditional single-resonance patch geometries. Two novel shaped microstrip patch antenna elements with an inset feed are presented. Despite being printed on a single-layer substrate with reduced thickness, both radiators are characterized by a broadband behavior. The antennas are prototyped with a low-cost and fast manufacturing process, and measured results validate the simulations. State-of-the-art performance is obtained when compared to the existing literature, with measured fractional bandwidths of 3.71% and 6.12% around 10 GHz on a 0.508-mm-thick Teflon-based substrate. The small feeding line width could be an appealing feature whenever such radiating elements are to be used in array configurations.

scholarly journals Robust immobilization of anionic silver nanoparticles on cellulose filter paper toward a low-cost point-of-use water disinfection system with improved anti-biofouling properties

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4873-4882
Author(s):  
Gongyan Liu ◽  
Ruiquan Yu ◽  
Jing Jiang ◽  
Zhuang Ding ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Cellulose Filter

Point-of-use water disinfection by GA@AgNPs-LA-FP.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Porous Silicon Based Humidity Sensing Elements on Paper

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tero Jalkanen ◽  
Anni Määttänen ◽  
Ermei Mäkilä ◽  
Jaani Tuura ◽  
Martti Kaasalainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Silicon ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Fabrication Process ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Paper Substrate ◽  
Roll To Roll ◽  
Silver Electrodes ◽  
Silicon Based

A roll-to-roll compatible fabrication process of porous silicon (pSi) based sensing elements for a real-time humidity monitoring is described. The sensing elements, consisting of printed interdigitated silver electrodes and a spray-coated pSi layer, were fabricated on a coated paper substrate by a two-step process. Capacitive and resistive responses of the sensing elements were examined under different concentrations of humidity. More than a three orders of magnitude reproducible decrease in resistance was measured when the relative humidity (RH) was increased from 0% to 90%. A relatively fast recovery without the need of any refreshing methods was observed with a change in RH. Humidity background signal and hysteresis arising from the paper substrate were dependent on the thickness of sensing pSi layer. Hysteresis in most optimal sensing element setup (a thick pSi layer) was still noticeable but not detrimental for the sensing. In addition to electrical characterization of sensing elements, thermal degradation and moisture adsorption properties of the paper substrate were examined in connection to the fabrication process of the silver electrodes and the moisture sensitivity of the paper. The results pave the way towards the development of low-cost humidity sensors which could be utilized, for example, in smart packaging applications or in smart cities to monitor the environment.

Micromolding Fabrication of Biocompatible Dry Micro-Pyramid Array Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Vinicio Alban ◽  
Haechang Lee ◽  
Hanul Moon ◽  
Seunghyup Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Electrode Impedance ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
Dry Electrodes ◽  
Array Electrode ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing ◽  
Electromyography Signals

Abstract Thin dry electrodes are promising components in wearable healthcare devices. Assessing the condition of the human body by monitoring biopotentials facilitates the early diagnosis of diseases as well as their prevention, treatment, and therapy. Existing clinical-use electrodes have limited wearable-device usage because they use gels, require preparation steps, and are uncomfortable to wear. While dry electrodes can improve these issues and have demonstrated performance on par with gel-based electrodes, providing advantages in mobile and wearable applications; the materials and fabrication methods used are not yet at the level of disposable gel electrodes for low-cost mass manufacturing and wide adoption. Here, a low-cost manufacturing process for thin dry electrodes with a conductive micro-pyramidal array is presented for large-scale on-skin wearable applications. The electrode is fabricated using micromolding techniques in conjunction with solution processes in order to guarantee ease of fabrication, high device yield, and the possibility of mass production compatible with current semiconductor production processes. Fabricated using a conductive paste and an epoxy resin that are both biocompatible, the developed micro-pyramidal array electrode operates in a conformal, non-invasive manner, with low skin irritation, which ensures improved comfort for brief or extended use. The operation of the developed electrode was examined by analyzing electrode-skin-electrode impedance, electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and electromyography signals and comparing them with those measured simultaneously using gel electrodes.

Non-invasive intelligent monitoring system for fault detection in induction motor based on bio piezoelectric sensor using ANN

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massine GANA ◽  
Hakim ACHOUR ◽  
Kamel BELAID ◽  
Zakia CHELLI ◽  
Mourad LAGHROUCHE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Induction Motor ◽  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensor ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Artificial Neural

Abstract This paper presents a design of a low-cost integrated system for the preventive detection of unbalance faults in an induction motor. In this regard, two non-invasive measurements have been collected then monitored in real time and transmitted via an ESP32 board. A new bio-flexible piezoelectric sensor developed previously in our laboratory, was used for vibration analysis. Moreover an infrared thermopile was used for non-contact temperature measurement. The data is transmitted via Wi-Fi to a monitoring station that intervenes to detect an anomaly. The diagnosis of the motor condition is realized using an artificial neural network algorithm implemented on the microcontroller. Besides, a Kalman filter is employed to predict the vibrations while eliminating the noise. The combination of vibration analysis, thermal signature analysis and artificial neural network provides a better diagnosis. It ensures efficiency, accuracy, easy access to data and remote control, which significantly reduces human intervention.

Direct Writing on Paper Substrate to Prepare Silver Electrode Structures for Flexible Sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 6048-6053
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Mingwei Li ◽  
Yao Xie ◽  
Yun Ou ◽  
Weiping Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Silver Electrode ◽  
Silver Nanostructures ◽  
Direct Writing ◽  
Paper Substrate ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Writing Technology

With the rapid development of the electronics industry, electronic products based on silicon and glass substrates electronic products will gradually be unable to meet the rising demand. Flexibility, environmental protection, and low costs are important for the development of electronic products. In this study, an efficient and low-cost method for preparing silver electrode structures by direct writing on paper has been demonstrated. Based on this method, a flexible paper-based sensor was prepared. The liquid printing ink used mainly comprises a precursor liquid without pre-prepared nanomaterials. The precursor liquid is transparent with good fluidity. Simple direct writing technology was used to write on the paper substrate using the precursor ink. When the direct-writing paper substrate was subsequently heated, silver nanostructures precipitated from the precursor liquid ink onto the paper substrate. The effect of different temperatures on the formation of the silver nanostructures and the influence of different direct writing processes on the structures were studied. Finally, a paper-based flexible sensor was prepared for finger-bending signal detection. The method is simple to operate and low in cost and can be used for the preparation of environment-friendly paper-based devices.

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