scholarly journals Ultrasonic Sensing and Actuation in Laminate Structures Using Bondline-Embedded d35 Piezoelectric Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Anoop Dhingra ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Element ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Laminate Structure ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Multiple Wave ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensing

Ultrasonic systems employing embedded piezoelectric transducers have seen increased interest in recent years. The ability to sense, actuate, and analyze the wave propagation modes in engineering structures has been fundamental to the advancement of ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM). This paper presents a study into the sensing and actuation properties of shear-mode (d35) piezoelectric transducers made of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) that are internally embedded in the bondline of laminate structures. The manuscript presents analytical analysis, finite element simulation, and experimental validation building from an individual piezoelectric element to a full laminate structure. The validated model was then used to perform a parametric study into the effects of d35 PZT transducer size on the strength of actuation and sensing output signal. The selectivity of d35 PZT sensors was also investigated by generating multiple wave modes in the laminate structure and inspecting the output signals. The d35 PZT sensors were found to selectively detect only certain modes of the wave propagation providing a fundamental hardware filter that could be employed to simplify signal analysis and processing. The results of this study indicate that d35 PZTs embedded in the bondline have multiple properties that can potentially be employed for ultrasonic SHM.

scholarly journals Damage Detection Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors in a Laminate Beam Undergoing Three-Point Bending

Actuators ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Anoop Dhingra ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Damage Indices

A major inhibition to the widespread use of laminate structures is the inability of nondestructive testing techniques to effectively evaluate the bondline integrity. This work proposes and analyzes a bondline-integrity health monitoring approach utilizing shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers. The d15 transducers were embedded in the bondlines of symmetric laminate structures to monitor and evaluate the bondline integrity using ultrasonic inspection. The d15 piezoelectric transducers made of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) enabled ultrasonic inspection of bonds by actuating and sensing antisymmetric waves in laminate structures. Design considerations, fabrication process, and experimental methods for testing a laminate specimen are presented. Designs included bondline-embedded d15 PZT piezoelectric transducers with surface-mounted transverse (d31) piezoelectric transducers for signal comparison. Defects in the bondline were created by a quasi-static three-point bending test, with results showing the ability of d15 piezoelectric transducers to detect bondline damage. Two damage indices based on Pearson correlation coefficient and normalized signal energy were implemented to evaluate the presence of damage and its severity. The experimental results demonstrate the ability of bondline-embedded d15 piezoelectric transducers to be used as actuators and sensors for ultrasonic health monitoring of bondline integrity. A comparison between surface-mounted d31 PZT and bondline-embedded d15 PZT sensors was also conducted. It was seen that signals sensed by bondline-embedded d15 PZTs showed higher distortion due to bondline defects compared with the sensed signals from the surface-mounted d31 PZT.

Initial study of internally embedded shear-mode piezoelectric transducers for the detection of joint defects in laminate structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 2314-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Anoop Dhingra ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Analysis Of Dispersion

There has been recent interest in embedding sensor networks into bondlines to create intelligent materials that can detect, report, and potentially respond to their state. This article presents an initial, large-scale investigation into embedding shear-mode (d15) lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric transducers into the bondline of laminate structures, near the centerline, for the ultrasonic detection of joint defects. The study included analysis of dispersion curves, multiphysics numerical simulations, and experimental results for an aluminum–epoxy–aluminum laminate structure. Analysis of the time of flight and displacement profiles confirmed that antisymmetric waves were generated and propagated through the structure. Simulations were performed for models containing disbonds, through-thickness cracks, and voids with experimental validation of a specimen containing a void to evaluate the effectiveness of d15 lead zirconate titanates embedded in a bondline as actuators and sensors for damage detection. The results were examined by looking at the cross-sectional deformation in simulations, and the signal changes were evaluated by calculating the root mean square deviation damage index and inspecting attenuation and phase shift in pristine and damaged structures. It was found that the d15 shear-mode lead zirconate titanates actuated and sensed antisymmetric waves that were sensitive to all types of damages considered.

scholarly journals Power-Generation Optimization Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic Deformation for Energy Harvesting Application with Renewable Energy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2171
Author(s):  
Hyeonsu Han ◽  
Junghyuk Ko
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Piezoelectric Material ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Ceramic ◽  
Piezoelectric Element ◽  
Piezoelectric Ceramics ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy

Along with the increase in renewable energy, research on energy harvesting combined with piezoelectric energy is being conducted. However, it is difficult to predict the power generation of combined harvesting because there is no data on the power generation by a single piezoelectric material. Before predicting the corresponding power generation and efficiency, it is necessary to quantify the power generation by a single piezoelectric material alone. In this study, the generated power is measured based on three parameters (size of the piezoelectric ceramic, depth of compression, and speed of compression) that contribute to the deformation of a single PZT (Lead zirconate titanate)-based piezoelectric element. The generated power was analyzed by comparing with the corresponding parameters. The analysis results are as follows: (i) considering the difference between the size of the piezoelectric ceramic and the generated power, 20 mm was the most efficient piezoelectric ceramic size, (ii) considering the case of piezoelectric ceramics sized 14 mm, the generated power continued to increase with the increase in the compression depth of the piezoelectric ceramic, and (iii) For piezoelectric ceramics of all diameters, the longer the depth of deformation, the shorter the frequency, and depending on the depth of deformation, there is a specific frequency at which the charging power is maximum. Based on the findings of this study, PZT-based elements can be applied to cases that receive indirect force, including vibration energy and wave energy. In addition, the power generation of a PZT-based element can be predicted, and efficient conditions can be set for maximum power generation.

Ultrasonic SHM Approach to Predict Delamination in a Laminated Beam Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Wave Mode ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Laminated Structures

Abstract Ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM), employing embedded piezoelectric elements to actuate and sense ultrasonic waves, has greatly advanced in recent years. This paper presents a novel approach to address the prevailing challenges in the inspection of laminated structures for delamination using shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers, composed of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). To experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a beam-like laminated specimen consisting of internally embedded d15 square PZTs was fabricated with simulated delamination at the interface of an adhesive joint. Evaluation of the results showed that the location of shear-mode actuators is a critical factor to detect delamination and to predict the propagation path of delamination. Delamination initiated close to actuators are more likely to be detected owing to their remarkable sensitivity of structural stiffness surrounding their region. The antisymmetric A0 wave mode generated by these actuators exhibit high interaction with damage, suggesting internally embedded d15 PZTs are a viable approach that can potentially advance the inspection tools of ultrasonic SHM.

Energy Harvesting From Pneumatic Tires Using Piezoelectric Transducers

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farbod Khameneifar ◽  
Siamak Arzanpour
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Mechanical Motion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Optimum Load

The concept of harvesting energy in our surrounding has recently drawn global attention. Harvesting the ambient energy of the deflected tire and convert it to electricity is discussed in this paper. An Elastic pneumatic tire deflects due to the load it carries. This deflection appears as a contact patch to the road surface. Initially, the concept of the tire deflection will be discussed. This deflection is then related to the wasted energy used for deflection. The dependency of this energy to some important parameters such as the tire air pressure, vehicle speed and tire geometry and forces are primarily discussed. To harvest the deflection energy different well established methods are exists. Due to the tire environment, piezoelectric transducers can serve as the best option. Those transducers are traditionally used to produce mechanical motion due to the applied electrical charges. This material is also capable of generating electrical charges by mechanical motion and deflections. For the tire energy harvesting application, the piezoelectric stacks can be mounted inside a tire structure such that electric charge is generated therein as the wheel assembly moves along a ground surface. For this application, lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) is selected. The PZT inside the tire is modeled as a cantilever beam vibration in its first mode of vibration. The frequency of vibration is calculated based on the car speed, tire size, and PZT stack length. A mathematical model for this energy harvesting application is derived. Based on this model, the optimum load of the electrical circuit is also found. Finally the amount of energy harvested from tire using PZT is calculated. Although this energy is not significantly high, it will be enough to provide power for wireless sensors applications.

scholarly journals Green energy harvesting from human footsteps

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 11015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Putri Berlian Abadi ◽  
Denny Darlis ◽  
Mas Sarwoko Suraatmadja
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Shopping Centre

The need for a sustainable green energy is increasing, while the availability of energy itself is not comparable to the needs. One of the most rapid activities in human life is footstepping. The large amounts of kinetic energy in term of pressure force are generated in every footstep activities at the crosswalk space, lecture building, office, shopping centre or market area. As an alternative energy that still has not been exploited, these human steps can be used to power some low voltage loads. In this study, a tile constructed with some piezoelectric transducers are designed and implemented to generate electrical pulses and harvesting human feet step energies. The piezoelectric transducers used in this study is Lead Zirconate Titanate type. From the pizoelectric floor energy harvester system, a tile consists of 20 pieces parallel connected piezoelectric transducer can produce AC voltage up to 71.20 V. While the average generated voltage is 63.98 V. So the average power is 0.0604 watt/10 footsteps. We conclude that this piezoelectric generator can be generated more power when arranged with some tiles arrangement, so we can harvest this energy efficiently.

scholarly journals Analysis and Comparison of Macro Fiber Composites and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) Discs for an Energy Harvesting Floor

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5951
Author(s):  
Carlos Quiterio Gómez Muñoz ◽  
Gabriel Zamacola Alcalde ◽  
Fausto Pedro García Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Low Consumption

The main drawback in many electronic devices is the duration of their batteries. Energy harvesting provides a solution for these low-consumption devices. Piezoelectric energy harvesting use is growing because it collects small amounts of clean energy and transforms it to electricity. Synthetic piezoelectric materials are a feasible alternative to generate energy for low consumption systems. In addition to the energy generation, each pressure cycle in the piezoelectric material can provide information for the device, for example, counting the passage of people. The main contribution of this work is to study, build, and test a low-cost energy harvesting floor using piezoelectric transducers to estimate the amount of energy that could be produced for a connected device. Several piezoelectric transducers have been employed and analyzed, providing accurate results.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the polarisation state of embedded piezoelectric transducers by thermal waves and thermal pulses

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Eydam ◽  
Gunnar Suchaneck ◽  
Gerald Gerlach
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Pulse Method ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Pyroelectric Current ◽  
Numerical Finite Element ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Thermal Pulses ◽  
Pyroelectric Response

Abstract. In this work, we apply the thermal wave method and the thermal pulse method for non-destructive characterisation of the polarisation state of embedded piezoelectric transducers. Heating the sample with a square-wave modulated laser beam or a single laser pulse leads to a pyroelectric current recorded in the frequency or time domain, respectively. It carries information about the polarisation state. Analytical and numerical finite element models describe the pyroelectric response of the piezoceramic. Modelling and experimental results are compared for a simple lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT) plate, a low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC)/PZT sensor and actuator, and a macro-fibre composite (MFC) actuator.

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