scholarly journals Highly Sensitive Room-Temperature Sensor Based on Nanostructured K2W7O22 for Application in the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Diabetes

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Hossain ◽  
Qifeng Zhang ◽  
Michael Johnson ◽  
Danling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive

Diabetes is one of the most rapidly-growing chronic diseases in the world. Acetone, a volatile organic compound in exhaled breath, shows a positive correlation with blood glucose and has proven to be a biomarker for type-1 diabetes. Measuring the level of acetone in exhaled breath can provide a non-invasive, low risk of infection, low cost, and convenient way to monitor the health condition of diabetics. There has been continuous demand for the improvement of this non-invasive, sensitive sensor system to provide a fast and real-time electronic readout of blood glucose levels. A novel nanostructured K2W7O22 has been recently used to test acetone with concentration from 0 parts-per-million (ppm) to 50 ppm at room temperature. The results revealed that a K2W7O22 sensor shows a sensitive response to acetone, but the detection limit is not ideal due to the limitations of the detection system of the device. In this paper, we report a K2W7O22 sensor with an improved sensitivity and detection limit by using an optimized circuit to minimize the electronic noise and increase the signal to noise ratio for the purpose of weak signal detection while the concentration of acetone is very low.

Indole as a new tentative marker in exhaled breath for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring of diabetic subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Fink ◽  
Tim Maihöfer ◽  
Jeffrey Bender ◽  
Jochen Schulat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most important part of diabetes management. In classical BGM, glucose measurement by test strips involves invasive finger pricking. We present results of a clinical study that focused on a non-invasive approach based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Main objective was the discovery of markers for prediction of blood glucose levels (BGL) in diabetic patients. Exhaled breath was measured repeatedly in 60 diabetic patients (30 type 1, 30 type 2) in fasting state and after a standardized meal. Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) was used to sample breath every 15 minutes for a total of six hours. BGLs were tested in parallel via BGM test strips. VOC signals were plotted against glucose trends for each subject to identify correlations. Exhaled indole (a bacterial metabolite of tryptophan) showed significant mean correlation to BGL (with negative trend) and significant individual correlation in 36 patients. The type of diabetes did not affect this result. Additional experiments of one healthy male subject by ingestion of lactulose and 13C-labeled glucose (n=3) revealed that exhaled indole does not directly originate from food digestion by intestinal microbiota. As indole has been linked to human glucose metabolism, it might be a tentative marker in breath for non-invasive BGM. Clinical studies with greater diversity are required for confirmation of such results and further investigation of metabolic pathways.

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Glucose Level Changes Utilizing a mm-Wave Radar System

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Shaker ◽  
Karly Smith ◽  
Ala Eldin Omer ◽  
Shuo Liu ◽  
Clement Csech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Detection ◽  
60 Ghz ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wave Radar ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Different Levels

This article discusses recent developments in the authors' experiments using Google's Soli alpha kit to develop a non-invasive blood glucose detection system. The Soli system (co-developed by Google and Infineon) is a 60 GHz mm-wave radar that promises a small, mobile, and wearable platform intended for gesture recognition. They have retrofitted the setup for the system and their experiments outline a proof-of-concept prototype to detect changes of the dielectric properties of solutions with different levels of glucose and distinguish between different concentrations. Preliminary results indicated that mm-waves are suitable for glucose detection among biological mediums at concentrations similar to blood glucose concentrations of diabetic patients. The authors discuss improving the repeatability and scalability of the system, other systems of glucose detection, and potential user constraints of implementation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Functional Regression and Functional Principal Component Regression for Estimating Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Nurul Fadhilah ◽  
Erfiani Erfiani ◽  
Indahwati Indahwati
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Principal Component Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Functional Regression ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Functional Principal Component

The calibration method is an alternative method that can be used to analyze the relationship between invasive and non-invasive blood glucose levels. Calibration modeling generally has a large dimension and contains multicolinearities because usually in functional data the number of independent variables (p) is greater than the number of observations (p>n). Both problems can be overcome using Functional Regression (FR) and Functional Principal Component Regression (FPCR). FPCR is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In FPCR, the data is transformed using a polynomial basis before data reduction. This research tried to model the equations of spectral calibration of voltage value excreted by non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring devices to predict blood glucose using FR and FPCR. This study aimed to determine the best calibration model for measuring non-invasive blood glucose levels with the FR and FPCR. The results of this research showed that the FR model had a bigger coefficient determination (R2) value and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Square Error Prediction (RMSEP) value than the FPCR model, which was 12.9%, 5.417, and 5.727 respectively. Overall, the calibration modeling with the FR model is the best model for estimate blood glucose level compared to the FPCR model.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Determination of Blood Glucose Levels by Optical Waveguide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Askarbioki ◽  
Mojtaba Mortazavi ◽  
Abdolhamid Amooee ◽  
Saeid Kargar ◽  
Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Optical Waveguide ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Evanescent Waves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Objective: Today, there are various non-invasive techniques available for the determination of blood glucose levels. In this study, the level of blood glucose was determined by developing a new device using near-infrared (NIR) wavelength, glass optical waveguide, and the phenomenon of evanescent waves. Materials and Methods: The body's interstitial fluid has made possible the development of new technology to measure the blood glucose. As a result of contacting the fingertip with the body of the borehole rod, where electromagnetic waves are reflected inside, evanescent waves penetrate from the borehole into the skin and are absorbed by the interstitial fluid. The electromagnetic wave rate absorption at the end of the borehole rod is investigated using a detection photodetector, and its relationship to the people's actual blood glucose level. Following precise optimization and design of the glucose monitoring device, a statistical population of 100 participants with a maximum blood glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL was chosen. Before measurements, participants put their index finger for 30 seconds on the device. Results: According to this experimental study, the values measured by the innovative device with Clark grid analysis were clinically acceptable in scales A and B. The Adjusted Coefficient of Determination of the data was estimated to be 0.9064. Conclusion: For future investigations, researchers are recommended to work with a larger statistical population and use error reduction trends to improve the accuracy and expand the range of measurements.

scholarly journals A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6820
Author(s):  
Bushra Alsunaidi ◽  
Murad Althobaiti ◽  
Mahbubunnabi Tamal ◽  
Waleed Albaker ◽  
Ibraheem Al-Naib
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.

scholarly journals A low-cost non-invasive slag detection system for continuous casting

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Takács ◽  
Karol Ondrejkovič ◽  
Gabriel Hulkó
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals BREATH ACETONE-BASED NON-INVASIVE DETECTION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1244-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Thati ◽  
Arunangshu Biswas ◽  
Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury ◽  
Tapan Kumar Sau
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Breath Acetone

scholarly journals Glucose level detection system in glucose solution using TCS3200 sensor with If-Else method

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Kemal Thoriq Al-Azis ◽  
Alfian Ma'arif ◽  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Fatma Nuraisyah ◽  
Apik Rusdiarna Indrapraja
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Level ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Detection System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
Sugar Levels

Early and routine examination of glucose levels plays an important role in preventing and controlling diabetes mellitus and maintaining the quality of life. Checking blood sugar levels by hurting the body (invasive) can lead to infections caused by needles. As an alternative, the examination is carried out in a non-invasive way using excretory fluid in the form of urine, which is reacted with Benedict's solution that create a color change. Experts in the laboratory only carry out an examination using non-invasive methods because in determining glucose levels, it requires accuracy and eye health factors. Therefore, a glucose level detection system was created using a sample of glucose solution to determine the system's parameters using the if-else method. The glucose level detection system is conducted by mixing the glucose solution with Benedict's solution to produce a color change. Then the reaction results are read by the TCS3200 sensor and processed by Arduino to be classified, according to predetermined parameters. The decision results based on the classification of the glucose level parameters that have been determined are displayed on a 16x2 LCD. The results achieved in this study on 10 samples of glucose solution that were tested and processed by the if-else method were successfully read and classified based on predetermined parameters.

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