scholarly journals Analysis of Human Body Shadowing Effect on Wireless Sensor Networks Operating in the 2.4 GHz Band

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Januszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Small Region ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Shadowing Effect

Miniaturized wireless sensors are designed to run on limited power resources, requiring minimization of transmit power and lowering of the fade margin in the link budget. One factor that has an important impact on wireless sensor network design is path loss between the transmitter and the receiver. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of human bodies on path loss in the 2.4 GHz band, which is commonly used for wireless sensor networks. The effect of body shadowing was first analyzed in full wave computer simulations using the finite-difference time-domain method. Due to the high numerical burden, the simulations were limited to only a small region around the human body. To analyze the performance of networks in larger indoor environments, a human body model is proposed that can be used for simulations with a ray-based computer program. The proposed model of human body is the main contribution of this paper. It was used to analyze the body shadowing effect in a typical indoor environment. The results were found to be in good agreement with measurements.

An Energy-Balance Based Distributed Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 1392-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu Hang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Topology Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor

Topology control is an efficient approach which can reduce energy consumption for wireless sensor networks, and the current algorithms mostly focus on reducing the nodes’ energy consumption by power adjusting, but pay little attention to balance energy consumption of the whole network, which results in premature death of many nodes. Thus, a distributed topology control algorithm based on path-loss and residual energy (PRTC) is designed in this paper. This algorithm not only maintains the least loss links between nodes but also balances the energy consumption of the network. The simulation results show that the topology constructed by PRTC can preserve network connectivity as well as extend the lifetime of the network and provide good performance of energy consumption.

scholarly journals An indoor path loss model for wireless sensor networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abdel Rahim ◽  
Mohamed Hadi Habaebi ◽  
Jalel Chebil ◽  
Aisha Hassan A. Hashim ◽  
Musse Mohamud Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model

New empirical path loss model for wireless sensor networks in mango greenhouses

2016 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Auda Raheemah ◽  
Naseer Sabri ◽  
M.S. Salim ◽  
Phaklen Ehkan ◽  
R. Badlishah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Path Loss Model

Signal Propagation and Analysis in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Adamu Murtala Zungeru ◽  
Joseph Chuma ◽  
Mmoloki Mangwala ◽  
Boyce Sigweni ◽  
Oduetse Matsebe
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Pulse Power ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Nonlinear Program

The most challenging issue in the design of wireless sensor networks for the application of localization in the underground environment, mostly for miner’s location, is the sensor nodes’ energy consumption, efficiency and communication. Underground Wireless Sensor Networks are active and promising area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes perform sensing duties in the underground environment. Most of the communication techniques used in the underground environment experience a high path loss and hence, hinders the range needed for transmission. However, the available option to increase information transmission is to increase the transmission power which needs large size of apparatus which is also limited in the underground. To solve the mentioned problems, this paper proposed a Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power. Analytical results of the Magnetic Induction based Pulse Power with an ordinary magnetic induction communication technique show an improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and path loss with variation in distance between nodes and frequency of operation. This paper further formulates a nonlinear program to determine the optimal data (events) extraction in a grid based WUSNs.

Testing the feasibility of wireless sensor networks and the use of radio signal strength indicator to track the movements of wild animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Krull ◽  
L. F. McMillan ◽  
R. M. Fewster ◽  
R. van der Ree ◽  
R. Pech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Significant Difference

Context Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are revolutionising areas of animal behaviour research and are advantageous based on their ability to be deployed remotely and unobtrusively, for long time periods in inaccessible areas. Aims We aimed to determine the feasibility of using a WSN to track detailed movement paths of small animals, e.g. rats (Rattus spp.) 100–400g, too small for current GPS technology, by calibrating active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and loggers using Radio Frequency Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) as a proxy for distance. Active RFIDs are also called Wireless Identification (WID) tags. Methods Calibration tests were conducted using a grid of loggers (n=16) spaced at 45-m intervals in clear line-of-sight conditions. WID tags (n=16) were placed between the loggers at 45-m intervals. Eight ‘walks’ were also conducted through the grid using a single WID tag. This involved attaching the tag to a small bottle of water (to simulate the body of an animal), towed around the grid using a 1-m long tow line attached to a volunteer walker. The volunteer also held a GPS device that logged their track. Models were constructed to test the effects of distance, tag movement and individual differences in loggers and tags on the reliability of movement data. Key results Loggers were most successful at detecting tags at distances <50m. However, there was a significant difference in the detection probabilities of individual loggers and also the transmission performance of individual tags. Static tags were less likely to be detected than the mobile tag; and although RSSI was somewhat related to distance, the reliability of this parameter was highly variable. Implications We recommend caution in the future use of current radio frequency ID tags in wireless sensor networks to track the movement of small animals, and in the use of RSSI as an indicator of individual distance values, as extensive in situ calibration is required. ‘Off the shelf’ devices may vary in performance, rendering data unreliable. We emphasise the importance of calibrating all equipment in animal tracking studies to reduce data uncertainty and error.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Analysis of Beamforming and Cooperative Schemes for Aircraft Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4374
Author(s):  
Seung-Hwan Kim ◽  
Jae-Woo Kim ◽  
Dong-Seong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Amplify And Forward ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Better Than

In this paper, the eight schemes for aircraft wireless sensor networks are investigated, which are single-hop array beamforming schemes (including analog beamforming (ABF), and digital beamforming (DBF)), non-cooperative schemes (including single-hop and multi-hop schemes), cooperative schemes (including amplify and forward (AF), decode and forward (DF)), and incremental cooperative schemes (incremental decode and forward (IDF), and incremental amplify and forward (IAF)). To set up the aircraft wireless communication environment, we design the aircraft channel model by referring to the experimental parameters of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union)-R M.2283, which is composed of path loss, shadowing fading, and multi-path fading channel responses. To evaluate the performance, the conditions energy consumption and throughput analysis are performed. Through simulation results, the incremental cooperative scheme outperformed by 66.8% better at spectral efficiency 2 than the DBF scheme in terms of the energy consumption metric. Whereas, in terms of throughput metric, overall SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) ranged from −20 to 30 dB the beamforming scheme had the best performance in which the beamforming scheme at SNR 0 dB achieved 85.4% better than the multi-hop scheme. Finally, in terms of normalized throughput metric in low SNR range between −20 and 1 dB the ABF scheme had the best performance over the others in which the ABF at SNR 0 dB achieved 75.4% better than the multi-hop scheme. Whereas, in high SNR range between 2 and 30 dB the IDF scheme had the best performance in which the IDF at SNR 10 dB achieved 62.2% better than the multi-hop scheme.

scholarly journals Balanced Transmissions Based Trajectories of Mobile Sink in Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Akbar ◽  
Nadeem Javaid ◽  
Wadood Abdul ◽  
Sanaa Ghouzali ◽  
Abid Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Better Than

Mobile Sink (MS) based routing strategies have been widely investigated to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose two schemes for data gathering in WSNs: (i) MS moves on random paths in the network (RMS) and (ii) the trajectory of MS is defined (DMS). In both the schemes, the network field is logically divided into small squares. The center point of each partitioned area is the sojourn location of the MS. We present three linear programming based models: (i) to maximize network lifetime, (ii) to minimize path loss, and (iii) to minimize end to end delay. Moreover, a geometric model is proposed to avoid redundancy while collecting information from the network nodes. Simulation results show that our proposed schemes perform better than the selected existing schemes in terms of the selected performance metrics.

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