scholarly journals Multiparametric Monitoring in Equatorian Tomato Greenhouses (II): Energy Consumption Dynamics

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra Erazo-Rodas ◽  
Mary Sandoval-Moreno ◽  
Sergio Muñoz-Romero ◽  
Mónica Huerta ◽  
David Rivas-Lalaleo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Star Topology ◽  
Zigbee Network ◽  
Consumption Dynamics

Tomato greenhouses are a crucial element in the Equadorian economy. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received much attention in recent years in specialized applications such as precision farming. The energy consumption in WSNs is relevant nowadays for their adequate operation, and attention is being paid to analyzing the affecting factors, energy optimization techniques working on the network hardware or software, and characterizing the consumption in the nodes (especially in the ZigBee standard). However, limited information exists on the analysis of the consumption dynamics in each node, across different network technologies and communication topologies, or on the incidence of data transmission speed. The present study aims to provide a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the energy consumption for tomato greenhouse monitoring in Ecuador, in three types of WSNs, namely, ZigBee with star topology, ZigBee with mesh topology (referred to here as DigiMesh), and WiFi with access point topology. The networks were installed and maintained in operation with a line of sight between nodes and a 2-m length, whereas the energy consumption measurements of each node were acquired and stored in the laboratory. Each experiment was repeated ten times, and consumption measurements were taken every ten milliseconds at a rate of fifty thousand samples for each realization. The dynamics were scrutinized by analyzing the recorded time series using stochastic-process analysis methods, including amplitude probability functions and temporal autocorrelation, as well as bootstrap resampling techniques and representations of various embodiments with the so-called M-mode plots. Our results show that the energy consumption of each network strongly depends on the type of sensors installed in the nodes and on the network topology. Specifically, the CO2 sensor has the highest power consumption because its chemical composition requires preheating to start logging measurements. The ZigBee network is more efficient in energy saving independently of the transmission rate, since the communication modules have lower average consumption in data transmission, in contrast to the DigiMesh network, whose consumption is high due to its topology. Results also show that the average energy consumption in WiFi networks is the highest, given that the coordinator node is a Meshlium™ router with larger energy demand. The transmission duration in the ZigBee network is lower than in the other two networks. In conclusion, the ZigBee network with star topology is the most energy-suitable one when designing wireless monitoring systems in greenhouses. The proposed methodology for consumption dynamics analysis in tomato greenhouse WSNs can be applied to other scenarios where the practical choice of an energy-efficient network is necessary due to energy constrains in the sensor and coordinator nodes.

Meta-Heuristic MOALO Algorithm for Energy-Aware Clustering in the Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-93
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Poluru ◽  
R. Lokeshkumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Data Transmission Rate

Boosting data transmission rate in IoT with minimized energy is the research issue under consideration in recent days. The main motive of this paper is to transmit the data in the shortest paths to decrease energy consumption and increase throughput in the IoT network. Thus, in this paper, the authors consider delay, traffic rate, and density in designing a multi-objective energy-efficient routing protocol to reduce energy consumption via the shortest paths. First, the authors propose a cluster head picking approach that elects optimal CH. It increases the effective usage of nodes energy and eventually results in prolonged network lifetime with enhanced throughput. The data transmission rate is posed as a fitness function in the multi-objective ant lion optimizer algorithm (MOALOA). The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated using MATLAB and achieved high convergence, extended lifetime, as well as throughput when compared to representative approaches like E-LEACH, mACO, MFO-ALO, and ALOC.

scholarly journals Relay-Assisted D2D Transmission for Mobile Health Applications

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongcheng Huang ◽  
Wei Xiang ◽  
Yang Tao ◽  
Biao Liu ◽  
Min Hu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mobile Health ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
D2d Communication ◽  
Relay Nodes ◽  
Relay Communication

Relay-assisted Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, one of the important transmission modes in mobile health systems, can provide high transmission quality for servicing users at the edge of system coverage. However, the quality of the D2D relay communication is largely limited by the relay nodes. When a poor node is selected to assist the source node in the data transmission, it is likely to result in the loss of medical data and inaccurate transmission. Therefore, this paper focuses on how to select relay modes and relay nodes to improve the reliability of medical data transmission. Firstly, in order to eliminate the relay nodes with low energy or poor willingness, the acceptable energy consumption metric of relay nodes is proposed in this paper. The relay mode of each relay node is determined by the acceptable energy consumption metric, which can ensure the physical reliability of the relay communication links. Then a trust metric is proposed to measure the social reliability of each relay link, further excluding the malicious relay nodes. Finally, this paper proposes a relay selection algorithm based on compromise factors (RSCF). With the help of the proposed algorithm, the reliability of the relay communication can be guaranteed, and the spectrum efficiency can be promoted greatly. The simulation results show that the relay nodes selected by RSCF algorithm can greatly improve transmission rate and reliability compared with the traditional relay-assisted D2D communication schemes.

A non-linear mathematical model-based routing protocol for WBAN-based health-care systems

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch Rajendra Prasad ◽  
Polaiah Bojja
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Transmission Rate ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Non Linear

Purpose This paper aims to present a non-linear mathematical model-based routing protocol for wireless body area networks (WBANs). Two non-linear mathematical models for WBANs are used in the proposed protocols Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 intends to improve the data transmission rate and Model 2 intends to reduce energy consumption in the WBANs. These models are simulated for fixed deployment and priority-based data transmission, and performance of the network is analyzed under four constraints on WBANs. Design/methodology/approach Advancements in wireless technology play a vital role in several applications such as electronic health care, entertainment and games. Though WBANs are widely used in digital health care, they have restricted battery capacity which affects network stability and data transmission. Therefore, several research studies focused on reducing energy consumption and maximizing the data transmission rate in WBANs. Findings Simulation results of the proposed protocol exhibit superior performance in terms of four network constraints such as residual energy, the stability of the network, path loss and data transmission rate in contrast with conventional routing protocols. The performance improvement of these parameters confirms that the proposed algorithm is more reliable and consumes less energy than traditional algorithms. Originality/value The Model 1 of the proposed work provides maximum data extraction, which ensures reliable data transmission in WBANs. The Model 2 allocates minimal hop count path between the sink and the sensor nodes, which minimizes energy consumption in the WBANs.

scholarly journals Digital Twin-Driven Decision Making and Planning for Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Yasmin Fathy ◽  
Mona Jaber ◽  
Zunaira Nadeem
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Real Dataset ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
The Impact

The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionising how energy is delivered from energy producers and used throughout residential households. Optimising the residential energy consumption is a crucial step toward having greener and sustainable energy production. Such optimisation requires a household-centric energy management system as opposed to a one-rule-fits all approach. In this paper, we propose a data-driven multi-layer digital twin of the energy system that aims to mirror households’ actual energy consumption in the form of a household digital twin (HDT). When linked to the energy production digital twin (EDT), HDT empowers the household-centric energy optimisation model to achieve the desired efficiency in energy use. The model intends to improve the efficiency of energy production by flattening the daily energy demand levels. This is done by collaboratively reorganising the energy consumption patterns of residential homes to avoid peak demands whilst accommodating the resident needs and reducing their energy costs. Indeed, our system incorporates the first HDT model to gauge the impact of various modifications on the household energy bill and, subsequently, on energy production. The proposed energy system is applied to a real-world IoT dataset that spans over two years and covers seventeen households. Our conducted experiments show that the model effectively flattened the collective energy demand by 20.9% on synthetic data and 20.4% on a real dataset. At the same time, the average energy cost per household was reduced by 10.7% for the synthetic data and 17.7% for the real dataset.

scholarly journals Calculation and Simulation of Transmission Reliability in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Network Coding

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifu Luan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Network Coding ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Finite Domain ◽  
Transmission Reliability ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The wireless sensor network (WSN) has penetrated into every corner in our lives, ranging from national defense, biological medicine, environmental monitoring, to traffic management. It is of great significance to study the reliability of data transmission, a key determinant of the results of monitoring events. The network reliability lies in fault tolerance: when some nodes or links in the network fail, the data can be recovered at the sink node by selecting the appropriate finite domain space. In this paper, network coding is used to improve the reliability of WSN. Firstly, the author calculated the data transmission reliability and average energy consumption of network coding in single-path and multi-path scenarios. Then, the average energy consumption of network coding was compared with that of the traditional method. Finally, the reliabilities of the two different methods were simulated on MATLAB at different channel loss rates. The experimental results show that the reliability of the network coding technique is better than the traditional one at the expense of a small amount of energy.</span>

scholarly journals A Collision-Free Hybrid MAC Protocol Based on Pipeline Parallel Transmission for Distributed Multi-Channel Underwater Acoustic Networks

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Zhi Hu ◽  
Yan Xiong ◽  
Gengxin Ning
Keyword(s):  
Data Transmission ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Distributed Scheduling ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Acoustic Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Networks

The transmission rate between two nodes is usually very low in underwater acoustic networks due to the low available bandwidth of underwater acoustic channels. Therefore, increasing the transmission parallelism among network nodes is one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of underwater acoustic networks. In this paper, we propose a new collision-free hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol for distributed multi-channel underwater acoustic networks. In the proposed protocol, handshaking and data transmission are implemented as a pipeline on multiple acoustic channels. Handshaking is implemented using the time division multiple access (TDMA) technique in a dedicated control channel, which can support multiple successful handshakes in a transmission cycle and avoid collision in the cost of additional delay. Data packets are transmitted in one or multiple data channels, where an algorithm for optimizing the transmission schedule according to the inter-nodal propagation delays is proposed to achieve collision-free parallel data transmission. Replication computation technique, which is usually used in parallel computation to reduce the requirement of communication or execution time, is used in the data packet scheduling to reduce communication overhead in distributed environments. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the slotted floor acquisition multiple access (SFAMA), reverse opportunistic packet appending (ROPA), and distributed scheduling based concurrent transmission (DSCT) protocols in throughput, packet delivery rate, and average energy consumption in the price of larger end-to-end delay introduced by TDMA based handshaking.

scholarly journals Households’ Electricity Consumption in Hungarian Urban Areas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2899
Author(s):  
Ferenc Bakó ◽  
Judit Berkes ◽  
Cecília Szigeti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

The aim of this study is to examine the factors influencing the electricity consumption of urban households and to prove these with statistically significant results. The study includes 46 small and medium-sized towns in Hungary. The methodology of the study is mainly provided by a model that can be used for this purpose; however, the results obtained with the traditional regression method are compared with the results of another, more complex estimation method, the artificial neural network, which has the advantage of being able to use different types of models. The focus of our article is on methodological alignment, not necessarily the discovery of new results. Certain demographic characteristics significantly determine the energy demand of a household sector in a municipality. In this case, as the ratio of people aged 60 or over within a city rises by 1%, the urban household average energy consumption decreases by 61 kilowatt hours, and when it rises by 1%, the amount of pollutants expelled from urban households’ average energy consumption may decrease by 22.8745 kg. The research area of our paper was greatly influenced by the availability of the statistical data. The results can be used in the planning of urban developments.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF BIOMASS POTENTIAL AND ENERGY DEMAND OF WONDO GENET DISTRICT, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Berhanu Sugebo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
Biomass Potential ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

Biomass energy is one of the important alternative sources of energy because it is renewable, cheaper, readily available and environmentally friendly.In Ethiopia, the lack of access to modern energy services that are clean, efficient and environmentally sustainable is a critical limitation of economic growth and sustainable development.The main aim of the present study was to assess biomass potential and energy potential from chat,sugarcane and coffee husk in Wondo Genet District and to forecast biomass and energy potential of the District for the coming ten years.Secondary data from agricultural office of Wondo Geneet District were used as data source of yearly available biomass potential and also purposively 60 electric city user households from the District were interviewed on their amount of energy consumption per month. Biomass potential forecasting for the next ten years was done using empirical formula. In the District in 2019 the total area covered by chat, coffee plant and sugarcane was 5414 hectares and from crop production 7255.03tons per year of residue was produced.The amount of energy produced from chat waste, coffee husk and sugarcane waste was 46397.62 GJ/year. Yearly growth rate of agricultural residues of chat,sugarcane and coffee husk is 2.7%, 2.3% and 1.4% per year respectively and after ten years residues will be grown 9224.602 tons/year.In the year of 2019,the average energy consumption of households in the District was 6KWh/day and total energy consumption of households in the Distric was 2040.22152GWh/year.The energy demand for households after ten years will be grown 472.021009979GJ/year. KEY WORDS: Biomass, Chat, coffee husk, energy

scholarly journals Batch Reverse Osmosis Desalination Modeling under a Time-Dependent Pressure Profile

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Abdeljalil Chougradi ◽  
François Zaviska ◽  
Ahmed Abed ◽  
Jérôme Harmand ◽  
Jamal-Eddine Jellal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Recovery Ratio ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Energetic Performance ◽  
Feed Volume

As world demand for clean water increases, reverse osmosis (RO) desalination has emerged as an attractive solution. Continuous RO is the most used desalination technology today. However, a new generation of configurations, working in unsteady-state feed concentration and pressure, have gained more attention recently, including the batch RO process. Our work presents a mathematical modeling for batch RO that offers the possibility of monitoring all variables of the process, including specific energy consumption, as a function of time and the recovery ratio. Validation is achieved by comparison with data from the experimental set-up and an existing model in the literature. Energetic comparison with continuous RO processes confirms that batch RO can be more energy efficient than can continuous RO, especially at a higher recovery ratio. It used, at recovery, 31% less energy for seawater and 19% less energy for brackish water. Modeling also proves that the batch RO process does not have to function under constant flux to deliver good energetic performance. In fact, under a linear pressure profile, batch RO can still deliver better energetic performance than can a continuous configuration. The parameters analysis shows that salinity, pump and energy recovery devices efficiencies are directly linked to the energy demand. While increasing feed volume has a limited effect after a certain volume due to dilution, it also shows, interestingly, a recovery ratio interval in which feed volume does not affect specific energy consumption.

scholarly journals Design and Fabrication of a Novel Window-Type Convection Device

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Han-Tang Lin ◽  
Yunn-Horng Guu ◽  
Wei-Hsuan Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Digit Series ◽  
Slit Size ◽  
Deflector Plate

Global warming, climate change, and ever-increasing energy demand are among the pressing challenges currently facing humanity. Particularly, indoor air conditioning, a major source of energy consumption, requires immediate improvement to prevent energy crises. In this study, various airfoil profiles were applied to create a window-type convection device that entrains air to improve convection between indoor and outdoor airflows and adjust the indoor temperature. How the geometric structure of the convection device affects its air entrainment performance was investigated on the basis of various airfoil profiles and outlet slit sizes of the airflow multiplier. The airfoil profiles were designed according to the 4-digit series developed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The results revealed that airfoil thickness, airfoil camber, and air outlet slit size affected the mass flow rate of the convection device. Overall, the mass flow rate at the outlet of the convection device was more than 10 times greater than at the inlet, demonstrating the potential of the device to improve air convection. To validate these simulated results, the wind-deflector plate was processed using the NACA4424 airfoil with a 1.2 mm slit, and various operating voltages were applied to the convection device to measure the resulting wind speeds and calculate the corresponding mass flow rates. The experimental and simulated results were similar, with a mean error of <7%, indicating that the airfoil-shaped wind-deflector plate substantially improved air entrainment of the convection device to the goal of reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions.

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