scholarly journals State of the Art, Trends and Future of Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication and Visible Light Communication in the Development of Smart Cities

Sensors ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Cerruela García ◽  
Irene Luque Ruiz ◽  
Miguel Gómez-Nieto
Author(s):  
Jordan Frith

The phrase the Internet of things was originally coined in a 1999 presentation about attaching radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to individual objects. These tags would make the objects machine-readable, uniquely identifiable, and, most importantly, wirelessly communicative with infrastructure. This chapter evaluates RFID as a piece of mobile communicative infrastructure, and it examines two emerging forms: near-field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth low-energy beacons. The chapter shows how NFC and Bluetooth low-energy beacons may soon move some types of RFID to smartphones, in this way evolving the use of RFID in payment and transportation and enabling new practices of post-purchasing behaviors.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
José María Vicente Samper

En los últimos años la sociedad ha visto como se ha producido un gran desarrollo de dispositivos electrónicos inteligentes que permiten tener un mejor control de todos los aspectos de la vida integrándolos en el día a día. Con esa necesidad de control, toman fuerza las aplicaciones para la monitorización ambulatoria de señales fisiológicas. Este tipo de sistemas permite mantener controlado al paciente en todo momento o ayuda a realizar un diagnóstico más preciso. Además, permite descargar el sobresaturado sistema sanitario y facilitar la vida a personas con movilidad reducida, enfermedades degenerativas o trastornos crónicos. La integración de nuevas tecnologías de comunicación como el Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) o el Near Field Communication (NFC) en los dispositivos electrónicos, proporciona la posibilidad de este tipo de aplicaciones para que la monitorización pueda integrarse en un sistema remoto. Esto permite controlar al paciente desde cualquier parte y que él mismo o la persona encargada de su cuidado pueda seguir el diagnóstico.


2017 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Boukhechba ◽  
Abdenour Bouzouane ◽  
Sébastien Gaboury ◽  
Charles Gouin-Vallerand ◽  
Sylvain Giroux ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes K Becker ◽  
David Li ◽  
David Starobinski

Abstract Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices use public (non-encrypted) advertising channels to announce their presence to other devices. To prevent tracking on these public channels, devices may use a periodically changing, randomized address instead of their permanent Media Access Control (MAC) address. In this work we show that many state-of-the-art devices which are implementing such anonymization measures are vulnerable to passive tracking that extends well beyond their address randomization cycles. We show that it is possible to extract identifying tokens from the pay-load of advertising messages for tracking purposes. We present an address-carryover algorithm which exploits the asynchronous nature of payload and address changes to achieve tracking beyond the address randomization of a device. We furthermore identify an identity-exposing attack via a device accessory that allows permanent, non-continuous tracking, as well as an iOS side-channel which allows insights into user activity. Finally, we provide countermeasures against the presented algorithm and other privacy flaws in BLE advertising.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1844
Author(s):  
Bingqing Luo ◽  
Zhixin Sun ◽  
Yu Pang ◽  
Awais Ahmad ◽  
Jinzhao Lin ◽  
...  

IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy (6LoBLE) can realize the seamless connection between Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices and the Internet, solve the restrictions on Bluetooth applications as short distance communication solutions, and advance the development of applications of smart cities, such as smart buildings and smart city management. Since neighbor discovery is the first step for BLE devices to establish a connection with each other, this paper proposes a novel neighbor discovery protocol for IPv6 over BLE mesh networks, including the structure of IPv6 over BLE mesh networks, the networking solutions, and IPv6 address auto-configuration and update mechanism. Furthermore, we analyze and simulate the performance of the neighbor discovery protocol utilizing the Revierbed simulator, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed neighbor discovery protocol even in a crowded environment.


2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1877-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suseela Vappangi ◽  
Venkata Mani Vakamulla

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2735
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos García-Ortiz ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá

Communication networks are a key element in the development of Smart Cities. This field is a constantly evolving environment, for which new protocols are constantly appearing. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the technologies, the most appropriate candidate must be selected in order to get the best performance to satisfy the application requirements. One of these protocols is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), particularly with the upgrades introduced in version 5.x. Its new features are focused on providing increased range, improving robustness, and expanding beaconing capabilities. Connectionless applications such as information broadcasting in Smart Cities could take advantage of this protocol. Furthermore, the wide availability on common devices (mobile phones, car infotainment, etc.), the deployment of these applications can be carried out easily and at low cost. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the new robust, long-range radio mode of BLE over a set of Smart Cities scenarios, taking into account different conditions such as wireless interference, distances, dynamicity, etc. The results show a promising performance of the protocol even with these constraints.


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