scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Surface Displacement of the Eastern Beijing Plain, China, Using Ascending and Descending Sentinel-1A/B Images and Leveling Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2809
Author(s):  
Shunkang Zhang ◽  
Beibei Chen ◽  
Huili Gong ◽  
Kunchao Lei ◽  
Min Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vertical Surface ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Displacement Estimation ◽  
Beijing Plain

Surface displacement is an common environmental geological phenomenon in the Beijing Plain. Research on surface displacement in the Beijing Plain has mainly focused on vertical surface displacement, whereas the horizontal displacement has scarcely been studied. To investigate the 3-D surface displacement in the Beijing Plain, we construct a leveling-constrained multidirectional PS-InSAR 3-D surface displacement estimation method to obtain the 3-D surface displacement information. The results show that the surface displacement in the study area during 2016–2018 was mainly vertical displacement with two main northern and southern subsidence centers; the vertical displacement ranged from −150 mm/year (down) to 5 mm/year (up), and the east–west horizontal displacement ranged from 20 mm/year (east) to 22 mm/year (west). Validation results show that the 3-D surface displacement estimation results agree well with leveling data and GPS data, indicating the reliability of the 3-D surface displacement datasets. The 3-D surface displacement results show that horizontal displacement is obvious in the areas with a large vertical displacement in the eastern Beijing Plain. Additionally, the horizontal displacement is directed toward the center of vertical displacement. The compressive strain is observed close to the centers of vertical displacement, whereas tensile strain occurs far from the centers of vertical displacement. The main cause of the 3-D surface displacement in the study area is the long-term groundwater overexploitation, especially deep groundwater exploitation. The spatial and temporal extents of displacement do not exactly match the locations of the groundwater sinks in different aquifers; instead, geological structures and stratigraphic/lithological conditions may have a combined effect. Moreover, the spatial and temporal distributions of surface displacement are closely related to ground fissure activity, and both influence each other.

scholarly journals An underground three-dimensional displacement measurement system

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 02053
Author(s):  
Yifeng Cheng ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Nanying Shentu ◽  
Chao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Displacement Sensor ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Geological Disaster ◽  
On Line

With the development of society, the damage of geological disaster to people's life and property is more serious, so the improvement of monitoring means of geological disaster is particularly urgent, there are some shortcomings in traditional monitoring methods, and it is impossible to measure the three-dimensional displacement of underground. The authors have designed an integrated three-dimensional displacement sensor to measure underground horizontal displacement and vertical displacement and tilt angle, and realize the real-time on-line monitoring of underground three-dimensional displacement visually through multi-group structure co-measurement.

scholarly journals LiDAR-Based Bridge Displacement Estimation Using 3D Spatial Optimization

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7117
Author(s):  
Gichun Cha ◽  
Sung-Han Sim ◽  
Seunghee Park ◽  
Taekeun Oh
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Spatial Optimization ◽  
Space Partitioning ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Displacement Estimation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

As civil engineering structures become larger, non-contact inspection technology is required to measure the overall shape and size of structures and evaluate safety. Structures are easily exposed to the external environment and may not be able to perform their original functions depending on the continuous load for a long time. Therefore, in this study, we propose a method for estimating the vertical displacement of structures using light detection and ranging, which enables non-contact measurement. The point cloud acquired through laser scanning was rearranged into a three-dimensional space, and internal nodes were created by continuously dividing the space. The generated node has its own location information, and the vertical displacement value was calculated by searching for the node where the deformation occurred. The performance of the proposed displacement estimation technique was verified through static loading experiments, and the octree space partitioning method is expected to be applied and utilized in structural health monitoring.

scholarly journals Analytical Modelling of MSW Landfill Surface Displacement Based on GNSS Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5998
Author(s):  
Dana Adamcová ◽  
Stanislav Bartoň ◽  
Piotr Osinski ◽  
Grzegorz Pasternak ◽  
Anna Podlasek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Displacement Estimation ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Total Displacement ◽  
Displacement Based ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Displacements of landfills play an important role in the reclamation process and geotechnical safety improvement of such sites. Landfill settlements are defined as a vertical displacement of waste body due to compression, degradable nature of the waste, and creep phenomenon of the waste particles. Waste composition is more diverse than natural soil. Thus, it has to be properly placed and compacted since the landfill body will continuously settle down. Several models of the landfill displacement estimation have already been developed. The aim of the present study was: (i) to review the methods of landfill settlements computation and (ii) to propose the model allowing landfill body displacements simulation based on monitoring datasets applying a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurement. The new model employs Gauss-Newton iteration and Runge-Kutta methods to estimate landfill surface displacements. The objectives were to analyse and mathematically describe the landfill body displacements. The GNSS geodetic survey and computations allowed concluding that the landfill body has been transformed over the years. The results revealed that the curves of waste displacement are in agreement with the measured total displacement of the landfill, and all curves corresponding to waste displacement are perpendicular to the active edge of the landfill. In the period of a maximum of 4.5 years after the waste deposition with a layer of up to 16.2 m thickness, the phenomenon of expansion was observed, which then disappears, and more settlement occurs due to the gravity of upper layers. The analysed landfill as a whole does not experience significant displacements. Neither of the slope failures are observed, even for large inclination.

Analysis of Seismic Experiment of Hexagonal Multi Bundle Model Using Core Assembly Mock-Up

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihisa Iwasaki ◽  
Shinichiro Matsubara ◽  
Hidenori Harada ◽  
Tomohiko Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Fast Reactor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
The Core ◽  
Vibration Behavior ◽  
Seismic Experiment ◽  
Core Elements

Abstract The fast reactor core is composed of hundreds of core elements that stand independently on the core support plate, but does not have support to constrain vertical displacement in order to avoid effects such as thermal elongation. When the earthquake occurs, the group vibration behavior is shown, including the rising of core elements in vertical direction, the collision with adjacent core elements in horizontal direction, and the fluid structure interaction. The three dimensional core group vibration analysis code (REVIAN-3D) was constructed to evaluate them. In the case of fast reactor cores in Japan, the horizontal displacement of core elements at the outermost periphery is restricted by the core former (core barrel). However, since there is no core former in fast reactors other than Japan and the boundary conditions are different from those in Japan, the vibration behavior also differs. In this study, to grasp and estimate the group vibration behavior with and without a core former under the earthquake motion, seismic experiment of hexagonal multi bundle model using core assembly mock-up was conducted [1]. These test results show that the horizontal displacements are larger and impact force between pads of core assembly mock-up is smaller without the core former. In this paper, the analysis was verified by group vibration tests with and without a core former.

scholarly journals Displacement and Deformation of the First Tunnel Lining During the Second Tunnel Construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Wu ◽  
Xiedong Zhang ◽  
Zhihua Zhang ◽  
Luqing Luo ◽  
Weichen Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Tunnel Lining ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Tunnel Construction ◽  
Soil Arching ◽  
Clear Distance ◽  
Twin Tunnels

A three-dimensional twin tunnels scale model was established utilizing the discrete element method (DEM) with PFC3D. This model aims to investigate the displacement (in horizontal and vertical directions) and deformation of the first tunnel lining in four different cases which the clear distance of twin tunnels are 5, 10, 15 and 20 m during the second tunnel construction process. The numerical results indicate that the clear distance between twin tunnels and the distance between the measurement points of the first tunnel and the excavation area of the second tunnel are two most critical factors that influence the displacement and deformation of the first tunnel lining. Meanwhile, the soil arching effect, gravity, water pressure and lateral pressure also have an impact on the behavior of the first tunnel. The maximum disturbance of horizontal and vertical displacements occurred in the time points of finishing of the second tunnel. However, the horizontal displacement of the first tunnel is much more sensitive to the vertical displacement. The first tunnel turns to the right and down in direction while having an anticlockwise rotation (φ) during the process of construction of the second tunnel. In addition, the displacement and deformation of the lining of the first tunnel are critical to monitor, and the necessary precautions should be taken to decrease the risk of craze. In conclusion, the influence of the second tunnel excavation on the first tunnel lining could be neglected when their distance is more than 15 m.

scholarly journals Displacement Evolution of Reverse-Dip Rock Slope Considering the Change of the Reservoir Level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangfu Xie ◽  
Jiabing Zhang ◽  
Yongjun Qin ◽  
Jianhu Wang ◽  
Wei Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Slope ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Reservoir Level ◽  
Horizontal Orientation ◽  
Chongqing City ◽  
Discrete Monitoring

Abstract This paper investigates the toppling deformation characteristics of the displacement evolution in different portions for a reverse-dip rock slope, through a case study of Xiaodongcao slope in Chongqing city, China. Firstly, the elevation, slope angle, and aspect were obtained by the field survey, and then they were adopted in the partitioning process related to geological and geometrical conditions by the ArcGIS packages. Secondly, the spatiotemporal cloud map of the displacement was obtained by discrete monitoring data of surface displacement of the slope. Finally, the topping deformation was determined by superposing the cloud map of the displacement and the geometrical partition, considering the change of the reservoir level. The main findings are summarized as follows: (1) the horizontal displacement is close to the total one, meaning that the slope topping deformation is mainly in the horizontal orientation.(2) In the front and middle edges of the slope, the horizontal displacement is pronounced, which increases with the increase of the reservoir level and vice versa. The vertical displacement mainly occurs in the trailing of the slope, which increases when the reservoir level changes. (3) The area in relation to the strong superposed displacement increases with the variation of the reservoir level. The largest area of superposed displacement is distributed at medium gradient, low elevation and north aspect zones.

Study on Stability of Loess Tunnel Based on Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation in Different Excavation Length of Invert

2013 ◽  
Vol 405-408 ◽  
pp. 1259-1263
Author(s):  
Zhi Jie Sun ◽  
Jun Min Shen ◽  
Xiao Hui Xue ◽  
Zhong Ming Su
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
3D Finite Element ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Wall Position

The 3D finite element simulation was adopted to study the globality stability of tunnel caused by the different excavation length of invert. Kelan-Linxian highway loess tunnels were taken as an example. The research results are shown as follows: The vertical displacement and horizontal convergence increased by the increasing of the excavation length of the invert. But the latter increase range is larger than the former. The horizontal convergence in sidewall is convergence value is greater than the level of the arch and the corner, the horizontal displacement primarily occurred in the side wall position. The surrounding rocks maximum plastic strain occurred in side wall and corner wall in 4 working conditions. The plastic zone occurred around from arch corner to wall side. In Tab. 4, the maximum plastic strain is increased by the excavation length of inverts increasing.

scholarly journals Rupture Kinematics and Coseismic Slip Model of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo (China) Earthquake: Implications for the Seismic Hazard of the Kunlun Fault

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3327
Author(s):  
Han Chen ◽  
Chunyan Qu ◽  
Dezheng Zhao ◽  
Chao Ma ◽  
Xinjian Shan
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Descent Method ◽  
Steepest Descent Method ◽  
Coseismic Deformation ◽  
Slip Model ◽  
Displacement Fields ◽  
Coseismic Slip ◽  
The North

The 21 May 2021 Maduo earthquake was the largest event to occur on a secondary fault in the interior of the active Bayanhar block on the north-central Tibetan plateau in the last twenty years. A detailed kinematic study of the Maduo earthquake helps us to better understand the seismogenic environments of the secondary faults within the block, and its relationship with the block-bounding faults. In this study, firstly, SAR images are used to obtain the coseismic deformation fields. Secondly, we use a strain model-based method and steepest descent method (SDM) to resolve the three-dimensional displacement components and to invert the coseismic slip distribution constrained by coseismic displacement fields, respectively. The three-dimensional displacement fields reveal a dominant left-lateral strike-slip motion, local horizontal displacement variations and widely distributed near-fault subsidence/uplift deformation. We prefer a five-segment fault slip model, with well constrained fault geometry featuring different dip angles and striking, constrained by InSAR observations. The peak coseismic slip is estimated to be ~5 m near longitude 98.9°E at a depth of ~4–7 km. Overall, the distribution of the coseismic slip on the fault is highly correlated to the measured surface displacement offsets along the entire rupture. We observe the moderate shallow slip deficit and limited afterslip deformation following the Maduo earthquake, it may indicate the effects of off-fault deformation during the earthquake and stable interseismic creep on the fault. The occurrence of the Maduo earthquake on a subsidiary fault updates the importance and the traditional estimate of the seismic hazards for the Kunlun fault.

Analysis of Space-Time Effect for Footage of Tunnel-Type Anchorage by Tunneling Cycle

2014 ◽  
Vol 501-504 ◽  
pp. 1749-1752
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Fu Quan Ji ◽  
Pei Shuai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Tunnel Wall ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Construction Methods

This paper introduces a three-dimensional numerical model of simulating the tunneling cycle of tunnel-type anchorage by the large finite element software ABAQUS. With tunneling cycles, the space-time effect for footage is analyzed comparatively, which are between the tunnel in headings and tunnel in foots. There are three parameters for evaluating the construction methods, that contain vertical displacement of tunnel vault, vertical displacement of tunnel invert, and horizontal displacement of tunnel wall. The results show that all the values of the above parameters are in the control. Hence, the construction methods of the engineering are available.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal behavior of a large-scale landslide at Mt. Onnebetsu-dake, Japan, detected by three L-band SAR satellites

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youichiro Takada ◽  
George Motono
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Spatiotemporal Behavior ◽  
Spatially Periodic ◽  
L Band

Abstract We applied differential InSAR analysis to the Shiretoko Peninsula, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. All the interferograms of long temporal baseline (~ 3 years) processed from SAR data of three L-band satellites (JERS-1, ALOS, ALOS-2) commonly indicate remarkable phase changes due to the landslide movement at the southeastern flank of Mt. Onnebetsu-dake, a Quaternary stratovolcano. The area of interferometric phase change matches to known landslide morphologies. Judging from the timing of the SAR image acquisitions, this landslide has been moving at least from 1993 to the present. Successive interferograms of 1-year temporal baseline indicate the temporal fluctuation of the landslide velocity. Especially for the descending interferograms, the positive line-of-sight (LOS) length change, which indicates large subsidence relative to the horizontal movement, is observed in the upslope section of the landslide during 1993–1998, while the negative LOS change is observed in the middle and the downslope section after 2007 indicating less subsidence. The landslide activity culminates from 2014 to 2017: the eastward and the vertical displacement rates reach ~ 6 and ~ 2 cm/yr, respectively. Utilizing high spatial resolution of ALOS and ALOS-2 data, we investigated velocity distribution inside the landslide. During 2007–2010, the eastward component of surface displacement increases toward the east, implying that the landslide extends toward the east. During 2014–2017, the vertical displacement profile exhibits spatially periodic uplift and subsidence consistent with surface gradient, which indicates the ongoing deformation driven by gravitational force. Heavy rainfall associated with three typhoons in August 2016 might have brought about an increase in the landslide velocity, possibly due to elevated pore-fluid pressure within and/or at the base of the landslide material. Also, annual rainfall would be an important factor that prescribes the landslide velocity averaged over 3 years.

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