scholarly journals Estimating the Suitability for the Reintroduced Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx, Pallas 1777) of Two Desert Environments by NIRS-Aided Fecal Chemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1876
Author(s):  
Serge Yan Landau ◽  
Ido Isler ◽  
Levana Dvash ◽  
Benny Shalmon ◽  
Amir Arnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Temporal Variance ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Arabian Oryx ◽  
Reintroduced Population ◽  
Over Time

The re-introduction paradigm is that Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) herds adjust the size of their home ranges depending on the availability of vegetation, which is directly related to rainfall. In Israel, Arabian oryx were released in two hyper-arid sites: the Arava Valley and in the Paran wilderness, belonging to the Sudanese and the Saharo–Arabian biogeographic zones, respectively. While post-release survival was similar in both, reproductive success in the Paran wilderness reintroduction site was extremely low, resulting in an acute decline of the reintroduced population over time. The hypothesis that impaired nutrition might be associated with this finding was assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-aided chemistry of monthly sampled fecal pellets, used as remote sensing evidence of ingested diets, throughout a year. Fecal nitrogen (FN), used as an estimate of nutritional status, was consistently higher in the Arava. Grass was never the sole or even a major dietary component. The dietary contribution of tannin-rich browse was high and steady all year-round in the Arava and increased steadily in Paran from winter to summer, corresponding to the period of availability of Acacia raddiana pods in both regions. The oryx in Paran had a home-range that was ten-fold, compared to the Arava, suggesting less feed availability. Acacia browsing may mitigate the effects of temporal variance in primary production. Under such conditions, oryx should be preferably released in areas that support significant acacia stands.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Remote Sensing (RS) for Estimating Pasture Quality in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4463
Author(s):  
João Serrano ◽  
Shakib Shahidian ◽  
José Marques da Silva ◽  
Luís Paixão ◽  
Emanuel Carreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Reference Methods

Pasture quality monitoring is a key element in the decision making process of a farm manager. Laboratory reference methods for assessing quality parameters such as crude protein (CP) or fibers (neutral detergent fiber: NDF) require collection and analytical procedures involving technicians, time, and reagents, making them laborious and expensive. The objective of this work was to evaluate two technological and expeditious approaches for estimating and monitoring the evolution of the quality parameters in biodiverse Mediterranean pastures: (i) near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate data analysis and (ii) remote sensing (RS) based on Sentinel-2 imagery to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI). Between February 2018 and March 2019, 21 sampling processes were carried out in nine fields, totaling 398 pasture samples, of which 315 were used during the calibration phase and 83 were used during the validation phase of the NIRS approach. The average reference values of pasture moisture content (PMC), CP, and NDF, obtained in 24 tests carried out between January and May 2019 in eight fields, were used to evaluate the RS accuracy. The results of this study showed significant correlation between NIRS calibration models or spectral indices obtained by remote sensing (NDVIRS and NDWIRS) and reference methods for quantifying pasture quality parameters, both of which open up good prospects for technological-based service providers to develop applications that enable the dynamic management of animal grazing.

What you see and what you get: combining near-infrared spectroscopy with powder diffraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (S2) ◽  
pp. S3-S8
Author(s):  
Helen E. Maynard-Casely ◽  
Norman Booth ◽  
Leo Anderberg ◽  
Helen E.A. Brand ◽  
Daniel V. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Planetary Surfaces ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

Knowledge of the surface composition of planetary bodies comes from a number of sources; such as landers, remote sensing and meteorites. However, the bulk mapping of the composition of planetary surfaces has been undertaken by analysis of reflected sunlight and these data—principally collected in the near-infra-red (IR) region—are notoriously broad and ambiguous. Hence, if laboratory spectra could be tied to physical properties measurements, such as diffraction, this would substantially aid our understanding of processes occurring in these extra-terrestrial environments. This contribution presents the capability of collecting near-IR data at the same time as neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a range of conditions (low temperature, vacuum, and humidity variations) and highlights two examples where this capability could enhance our understanding of planetary surfaces.

scholarly journals Increased cerebral blood volume pulsatility during head-down tilt with elevated carbon dioxide: the SPACECOT Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Strangman ◽  
Quan Zhang ◽  
Karina Marshall-Goebel ◽  
Edwin Mulder ◽  
Brian Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Optic Disk ◽  
Fluid Shifts ◽  
Mayer Wave ◽  
Over Time

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) have exhibited hyperopic shifts, posterior eye globe flattening, dilated optic nerve sheaths, and even optic disk swelling from spaceflight. Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) consequent to cephalad fluid shifts is commonly hypothesized as contributing to these ocular changes. Head-down tilt (HDT) is frequently utilized as an Earth-based analog to study similar fluid shifts. Sealed environments like the ISS also exhibit elevated CO2, a potent arteriolar vasodilator that could further affect cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow, intracranial compliance, and ICP. A collaborative pilot study between the National Space Biomedical Research Institute and the German Aerospace Center tested the hypotheses that 1) HDT and elevated CO2 physiologically interact and 2) cerebrovascular pulsatility is related to HDT and/or elevated CO2. In a double-blind crossover study ( n = 6), we measured CBV pulsatility via near-infrared spectroscopy, alongside noninvasive ICP and intraocular pressure (IOP) during 28-h −12° HDT at both nominal (0.04%) and elevated (0.5%) ambient CO2. In our cohort, CBV pulsatility increased significantly over time at cardiac frequencies (0.031 ± 0.009 μM/h increase in total hemoglobin concentration pulsatility amplitude) and Mayer wave frequencies (0.019 ± 0.005 μM/h increase). The HDT-CO2 interaction on pulsatility was not robust but rather driven by one individual. Significant differences between atmospheres were not detected in ICP or IOP. Further work is needed to determine whether individual differences in pulsatility responses to CO2 relate to visual changes in space. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral blood volume (CBV) pulsatility—as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy—increases over time during −12° head-down tilt at both cardiac and Mayer wave frequencies. CBV pulsatility appeared to increase more under elevated (0.5%) CO2 at Mayer wave frequencies in some individuals. If similar dynamic pulsatility increases occur in astronauts, there is the potential to initiate vascular and possibly other remodeling processes that lead to symptoms associated with sustained increases in intracranial pressure.

scholarly journals Stepwise regression of non-culprit lipid-rich plaque observed using serial near-infrared spectroscopy–intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomographic measurements after aggressive cholesterol-lowering treatment: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihito Takahashi ◽  
Tomotaka Dohi ◽  
Hirohisa Endo ◽  
Shinya Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Stenotic Lesion ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Lipid-rich plaques (LRP) in the non-culprit lesions (NCL) in patients with the acute coronary syndrome may trigger lesion-related, adverse cardiovascular events. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy may stabilize LRP; however, the times of stabilization remain undefined. Case summary A 60-year-old man presented with unstable angina. Coronary angiography revealed a severely stenotic lesion (culprit lesion) in the left descending artery, and another non-obstructive lesion in the distal left main trunk artery. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging showed LRP with a maximum lipid core burden index (LCBI)4mm of 422. Optical coherence tomographic (OCT) imaging showed the vulnerable plaque as a thin cap fibroatheroma with a thickness of 50 µm. We prescribed aggressive lipid-lowering treatment with a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, and serially observed this lesion for 24 months. The NIRS imaging showed that the LCBI gradually decreased over time (max LCBI4mm of 422, 417, 318, 265, and 106 conducted at index percutaneous coronary intervention, 3, 8, 12, and 24 months, respectively). As plaque regression and stabilization of high-risk LRP were observed, we promptly discontinued treatment with the PCSK9i inhibitor. Discussion During the long-term, 24-month, follow-up using serial NIRS–IVUS imaging, we observed the gradual decrease in LCBI over time, due to aggressive lipid-lowering therapy. Compared with the lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the stabilization of vulnerable plaques may require longer times of about 2 years. Evaluation of NCL-related adverse cardiac events by serial intravascular imaging over time, using NIRS–IVUS or OCT, may be warranted in such cases.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Monitor Nutritional Status of Neonates: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 280-291
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Miller ◽  
Fatin Hamimi Mustafa ◽  
Peter W. Jones ◽  
Heather E. Jeffery ◽  
Angela E. Carberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared

The use of NIRS in the dairy industry: New trends and applications

NIR news ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Safety Applications ◽  
Over Time

Near infrared spectroscopy has been widely used as an analytical tool in the dairy industry since the 1980s. NIR use has progressed as instruments have evolved over time. Today there are fleets of networked instruments using generic calibrations across broad product classes for at- and in-line applications. More recently NIR has found application for food safety applications as well, increasingly using non-targeted approaches. However the relevant strengths and weaknesses of NIR must be thoroughly understood in these challenging applications.

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