scholarly journals Detecting Offshore Drilling Rigs with Multitemporal NDWI: A Case Study in the Caspian Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1576
Author(s):  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Gongxu Jia ◽  
Qingling Zhang ◽  
Shan Zhang ◽  
Xiaoli Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Offshore Drilling ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Drilling Rig ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
Drilling Rigs

Offshore drilling rigs are the foundation of oil and gas exploitation in water areas. Their spatial and temporal distribution, state attributes and other information directly reflect the exploitation level of regional oil and gas resources. Therefore, it is very important to build an automatic detecting method for offshore drilling rigs with good performance to accurately capture the temporal and spatial distribution and state of oil and gas exploitation activities. At present, there are two main groups of methods for offshore drilling rigs: invariant feature-based methods and nighttime firelight-based methods. Methods based on invariant location are more subjective in terms of their parameter settings and require intensive computation. Nighttime light-based methods are largely unable to identify offshore drilling rigs without associated waste gas ignition. Furthermore, multiple offshore drilling rigs in close proximity to one another cannot be effectively distinguished with low spatial resolution imagery. To address these shortcomings, we propose a new method for the automatic identification of offshore drilling rigs based on Landsat-7 ETM+ images from 2018 to 2019, taking the Caspian Sea as the research area. We build a nominal annual cloud and cloud shadow-free Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) composite by designing an optimal NDWI compositing method based of the influence of cloud and cloud shadow on the NDWI values of water, bare land (island) and offshore drilling rigs. The classification of these objects is simultaneously done during the compositing process, with the following rules: water body (Max_NDWI > 0.55), bare land (island) (Min_NDWI < −0.05) and offshore drilling rig (0 < Mean_NDWI < 0.4). A threshold segmentation and postprocessing were carried out to further refine the results. Using this method, 497 offshore platforms were automatically identified using a nominal annual cloud and cloud shadow-free NDWI composite image and Google Earth Engine. Validation using Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) and Google Earth images demonstrated that the correct rate of offshore drilling rig detection in the Caspian Sea is 90.2%, the missing judgment rate is 5.3% and the wrong judgment rate is 4.5%, proving the performance of the proposed method. This method can be used to identify offshore drilling rigs within a large water surface area relatively quickly, which is of great significance for exploring the exploitation status of offshore oil and gas resources. It can also be extended to finer spatial resolution optical remote sensing images; thus small-size drilling rigs can be effectively detected.

Retrofitting Offshore Drilling Rigs with Islanded DC Grids and Energy Storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Settemsdal ◽  
Saverio Ventrelli
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Offshore Drilling ◽  
Drilling Rig ◽  
Drilling Rigs

Abstract The paper presents a novel approach for modernizing/retrofitting offshore drilling rig power plants with islanded direct current (DC) power grids and energy storage. The concept has been successfully applied on several offshore rigs which are in operation today and is applicable to jack-ups, semi-submersibles, drill ships, as well as other types of marine support vessels for oil and gas platforms and wind farms. The approach aims to enhance the feasibility of leveraging energy storage solutions on offshore drilling rigs and marine vessels by making use of the existing power plant footprint. Unique measures have also been incorporated into the electrical system architecture to ensure that the reliability and safety of the existing alternating current (AC)-based system are not compromised. This enables operators to capitalize on the numerous benefits of energy storage (e.g., reduced emissions, enhanced dynamic performance for drilling and dynamic positioning, etc.) without having to perform a "rip and replace" of the entire power plant and electrical infrastructure.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES OF THE CASPIAN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Gulshan Zeynalova Gulshan Zeynalova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources

The Caspian Sea is the largest body of water in Eurasia: After the collapse of the USSR, the water area of this region is a zone of interest for many states. [1] The Caspian region rightfully serves as one of the most significant regions for most countries interested in the mineral resources that the Caspian is rich in. The Caspian Sea has a significant hydrocarbon reserves. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian basin have the following values: oil - 48 billion barrels of oil, natural gas - 292 trillion. cubic feet (found and probable reserves), of which 75% and 67%, respectively, are produced or may be produced offshore. The northern part of the Caspian Sea contains most of the oil reserves, while the southern sector of the Caspian Sea is rich in natural gas.[2] It should be emphasized that the list of states that have the rights to use the resources of the Caspian Sea is as follows: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan. It is impossible to correlate the importance of the oil and gas resources of the Caspian reservoir for each of the above countries, for the following reasons: Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are countries for which the hydrocarbon potential of the Caspian is the most important predictor of the formation and development of the economy, while for Kazakhstan, the use of oil and gas resources of the Caspian Sea plays an important , but not the most decisive role, since oil and gas deposits in this country are not limited to the Caspian region, but its economy is developing in other directions. Iran and Russia, however, are interested in influencing the direction of flows of oil and gas raw materials, including their transit through the territory of the countries. [3] The last years for the Caspian region have become the years of a shift in the development of the oil and gas industry of the Caspian "five", which account for 17.6% of oil reserves and 46.4% of gas reserves in terms of global reserves. It is assumed that on the territory of the Caspian shelf, which belongs to Russia, oil reserves amount to 270 million tons, natural gas reserves - 0.5 trillion cubic meters. m of gas. [4] Of course, it is worth noting that the potential of the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea is significantly lower than the oil and gas potential of Yamal or Western Siberia, but the development of this region is important for the strategic development of the oil and gas sector, in particular offshore drilling.

Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea

2000 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyar Mehdiyoun
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas

In the aftermath of the breakup of the Soviet Union and the birth of new sovereign nations bordering the Caspian Sea, the legal status of the sea has emerged as one of the most contentious international problems facing the region. The discovery of large offshore oil and gas deposits in the area has added urgency to the need to resolve the twin issues of the legal status of the sea and the corresponding mining rights.The Caspian, the largest inland body of water in the world, is approximately the size of Japan. The south Caspian is the deepest part and contains the most productive oil and gas fields. The oil-producing area of the south Caspian that holds the most promise extends along a narrow structural zone across the sea from the Apsheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan to the Peri-Balkhan region of western Turkmenistan.

Drilling and Service Contracts in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
J. M. Killey
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Offshore Drilling ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Drilling Rig ◽  
Service Contracts ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Offshore Operations

As onshore oil and gas deposits are becoming more difficult to locate, and as the world demands for energy continue to increase at an alarming rate, oil companies are channeling much of their exploration activities towards offshore operations, and in particular, towards operations centered off Canada's coast lines. Because of the environment, offshore drilling presents problems which are novel to the onshore-geared oil industry. J. M. Killey discusses in detail many of the considerations involved in drafting the offshore drilling contract, concentrating on problems such as the liability of the various parties; costs; scheduling; pollution; conflict of laws; etc. Similarly, he discusses service contracts (such as supply boat charters; towing services; helicopter services; etc.^ which are necessity to the operation of an offshore drilling rig. To complement his paper, the author has included number of appendices which list the various considerations lawyer must keep in mind when drafting contracts for offshore operations.

New Stage in the Geopolitical Struggle around the Caspian Sea after 1991

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Stanislav Aleksandrovich Pritchin
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Complete Work ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Military

For almost three centuries, starting with the campaign of Peter the Great in 1721-1722, Russia has traditionally played a key role in the Caspian Sea. The situation changed dramatically with the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the emergence of three new regional players-Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. For Russia, this meant a significant reduction in influence in the region and the loss of control over most of the water area and the sea and its resources. In the historiography devoted to the region, the emphasis is placed on assessing the new round of geopolitical struggle, the position and interests of Western and regional powers. The author of this article provides a critical analysis of changes in Russian policy towards the Caspian Sea over the past 30 years and assesses the effectiveness of these changes. The difficult transition from the role of a dominant player in a region closed to external competitors to an open geopolitical confrontation over resources, their transportation routes, and political influence at the first stage was not in favor of Russia. Russia could not defend the principle of a condominium for joint development of hydrocarbon resources of the sea. With the active assistance of Western competitors, Russia lost its status as a monopoly transit country for oil and gas from the region. At the same time, thanks to diplomatic efforts and increased political dialogue with its neighbors in the region, Russia managed to resolve all territorial issues at sea by 2003, maintain the closed status of the sea for the military forces of third countries, and by 2018 complete work on the Convention on the international legal status of the sea, which established the principles of cooperation in the region that are important for the Russian Federation. Thus, official Moscow managed to achieve the strategic goals adapted after the collapse of the USSR by using the traditional strengths of its foreign policy and consolidate its status as the most influential player in the region.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR WATERS OF THE CASPIAN SEA DEPOSITS

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
NABIEVA VICTORIA V. ◽  
◽  
SEREBRYAKOV ANDREY O. ◽  
SEREBRYAKOV OLEG I. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Recovery Coefficient ◽  
Hydrogeological Characteristics

Hydrogeological conditions of reservoir waters of oil and gas fields in the northern water area of the Caspian Sea characterize the geological features of the structure of the Northern Caspian shelf, as well as the thermodynamic parameters of the exploitation of productive deposits, production and transportation of oil and gas. Reservoir waters contain water-soluble gases. According to the size of mineralization, the ratio of the main components of the salt composition, as well as the presence of iodine and bromine, reservoir waters can be attributed to a relatively "young" genetic age, subject to secondary geochemical processes of changing the salt composition in interaction with "secondary" migrated hydrocarbons. The physical and chemical properties of reservoir waters are determined by PVT analysis technologies. Hydrogeological and geochemical studies of compatibility with reservoir waters of marine waters injected to maintain reservoir pressures (PPD) during the development of offshore fields in order to increase the oil recovery coefficient (KIN) indicate the absence of colmating secondary sedimentation in mixtures of natural and man-made waters.

Blowout preventer (BOP) risk model to assist critical decisions in offshore drilling

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Inge Alme ◽  
Angel Casal ◽  
Trygve Leinum ◽  
Helge Flesland
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Offshore Drilling ◽  
Drilling Rig

The BOP is a critical safety system of an offshore drilling rig, as shown in the 2010 Macondo accident. A challenge for the oil and gas industry is to decide what to do when the BOP is failing. Pulling the BOP to the surface during operations for inspection and testing is a costly and timely operation. Many of the potential failures are not critical to overall safety as multiple levels of redundancy are often available. Scandpower and Moduspec, both subsidiaries of Lloyd’s Register, have developed a BOP risk model that will assist the industry make the pull or no pull decisions. Scandpower’s proprietary software RiskSpectrum is used for the modelling. This software is used for equivalent decision support in the nuclear power industry, where the risk levels of total nuclear power plants are monitored live by operators in the control rooms. By modelling existing BOPs and their submerged control systems, and using risk monitor software for keeping track on the status of the BOP subsystems and components, the industry is able to define the real-time operational risk level the BOP is operating at. It, therefore, allows the inclusion for sensitivity modelling with possible faulty components factored in the model. The main task of the risk model is to guide and support energy companies and regulators in the decision process when considering whether to pull the BOP for repairs. Moreover, it will help the communication with the regulators, since the basis for the decisions are more traceable and easier to follow for a third party.

Velocity fields in Northern Caspian near Jayik (Ural) river delta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Rezvov ◽  
Peter Zavialov ◽  
Mikhail Krinitskiy
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Shelf Zone ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Inland Water Body

&lt;p&gt;The Caspian Sea is the largest inland water body on the Earth and a unique object for analysis. It is of great importance for the socioeconomic development of bordering countries. Unique fish resources and oil and gas fields are projected to provide a significant source of food and economic prosperity to the Caspian region, as well as energy to many parts of the world. National and transnational oil and gas corporations are involved in the utilization of the commercially attractive Caspian natural resources. The Caspian Sea has been influenced by climate change and anthropogenic disturbance during recent decades, yet the scientific understanding of this water body remains poor. Climatic variability of water circulation in the Caspian Sea remains unclear. Traditionally, currents in the Caspian Sea have been investigated by numerical methods. Instrumental observations of the currents in the Caspian Sea are mostly carried out in the shelf zone. Available data cover very short periods and reflect variability only in synoptic and higher frequency of the sea dynamics. In this work, water velocity data based on SeaHorse equipment is under consideration. Three stations were in northern Caspian, area adjacent to Jayik (Ural) River delta. In both cases, the instruments were deployed in 2016 and 2017 at the point 46.782N, 51.384E, depth about 3 m. In this work, we will present the preliminary results of our study of the field observations we gathered in these points. We also present the analysis of the potential drivers for the spatial and temporal patterns of the measured currents velocity.&lt;/p&gt;

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