scholarly journals Increasing Shape Bias to Improve the Precision of Center Pivot Irrigation System Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Jiwen Tang ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Lijun Zhao ◽  
Ping Tang
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Training Scheme ◽  
Shape Bias ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Improved Performance

Irrigation is indispensable in agriculture. Center pivot irrigation systems are popular means of irrigation since they are water-efficient and labor-saving. Monitoring center pivot irrigation systems provides important information for the understanding of agricultural production, water resources consumption and environmental change. Deep learning has become an effective approach for object detection and semantic segmentation. Recent studies have shown that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are prone to be texture-biased rather than shape-biased, and increasing shape bias can improve the robustness and performance of CNNs. In this study, a simple yet effective method was proposed to increase shape bias in object detection networks to improve the precision of center pivot irrigation system detection. We extracted edge images of training samples and integrated them into the training data to increase shape bias in the networks. With the proposed shape increasing training scheme, we evaluated and compared PVANET and YOLOv4. Experiments with the images in Mato Grosso have shown that both PVANET and YOLOv4 achieved improved performance, which demonstrated the validity of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Mapping Center Pivot Irrigation Systems in the Southern Amazon from Sentinel-2 Images

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Jiwen Tang ◽  
Damien Arvor ◽  
Thomas Corpetti ◽  
Ping Tang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Detection ◽  
Image Classification ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Hough Transform ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Sentinel 2

Irrigation systems play an important role in agriculture. Center pivot irrigation systems are popular in many countries as they are labor-saving and water consumption efficient. Monitoring the distribution of center pivot irrigation systems can provide important information for agricultural production, water consumption and land use. Deep learning has become an effective method for image classification and object detection. In this paper, a new method to detect the precise shape of center pivot irrigation systems is proposed. The proposed method combines a lightweight real-time object detection network (PVANET) based on deep learning, an image classification model (GoogLeNet) and accurate shape detection (Hough transform) to detect and accurately delineate center pivot irrigation systems and their associated circular shape. PVANET is lightweight and fast and GoogLeNet can reduce the false detections associated with PVANET, while Hough transform can accurately detect the shape of center pivot irrigation systems. Experiments with Sentinel-2 images in Mato Grosso achieved a precision of 95% and a recall of 95.5%, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, with the accurate shape of center pivot irrigation systems detected, the area of irrigation in the region was estimated.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA OCORRÊNCIA DE SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR PIVÔ CENTRAL EM REGIÕES AGRÍCOLAS NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-351
Author(s):  
Edgar Nogueira Demarqui ◽  
Lígia Manccini Barros Demarqui
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Agricultural Regions

A utilização de técnicas de irrigação visando a produção agrícola tem apresentado crescimento nos últimos anos, sendo que o sistema de irrigação por pivô central (PC) também avançou no quantitativo de unidades implantadas e no total de área abrangida. Isto se deve às características desse tipo de sistema, as quais mostram-se vantajosas para o produtor rural, tais como economia de mão-de-obra e facilidade de operação, entre outras. O formato circular deste tipo de sistema facilita sua identificação através de técnicas de Geoprocessamento aplicadas nas análises de imagens orbitais ou aéreas, permitindo análises quantitativas e de espacialização. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo mapear, por meio de imagens orbitais, as áreas irrigadas por PC no período de 11 anos (2004 a 2015) referente à três regiões que possuem destaque na produção agrícola no Estado de Mato Grosso: Médio Norte, Parecis e Sudeste. A região Médio Norte apresentou taxa média de crescimento anual de 10,96% na sua área irrigada, a região Sudeste 6,75% e a região dos Parecis 4,28%. A evolução média no número de pivôs nestas áreas foi da ordem de 8,07% ao ano, passando de 259 unidades em 2004, para 586 no ano de 2015, totalizando um crescimento de 226,25% no período.Palavras-chave: áreas irrigadas; produção agrícola; geoprocessamento; sensoriamento remoto. SPACE-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF CENTRAL PIVOT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO ABSTRACT:The use of irrigation techniques in agricultural production has increased in the last years, and the center-pivot irrigation system has advanced in number of implanted units. This system, due to its characteristics such as labor savings and ease of operation, has proved to be advantageous for the rural producer. The circular shape of this system allows it to be identified by Geoprocessing techniques applied to the quantitative and spatial analysis of orbital or aerial images. In this context, the present work aimed to map, through orbital images, the center-pivot irrigated areas, for a period of 11 years (2004 to 2015) referring to three regions of Mato Grosso State, witch that stand out in agricultural production: Middle North, Parecis and Southeast. The Middle North region presented an average annual growth rate of 10.96% in its irrigated area, the Southeast region 6.75% and the Parecis region 4.28%. The average evolution in the number of pivots in these areas was of the order of 8.07% per year, going from 259 units in 2004, to 586 in 2015, totaling a growth of 226.25% in the period.Keywords: irrigated areas; agricultural production; geoprocessing; remote sensing.

scholarly journals PVANET-HOUGH: DETECTION AND LOCATION OF CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FROM SENTINEL-2 IMAGES

2020 ◽  
Vol V-3-2020 ◽  
pp. 559-564
Author(s):  
J. W. Tang ◽  
D. Arvor ◽  
T. Corpetti ◽  
P. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Detection ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Hough Transform ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Precise Shape ◽  
Sentinel 2

Abstract. Irrigation systems play an important role in agriculture. As being labor-saving and water consumption efficient, center pivot irrigation systems are popular in many countries. Monitoring the distribution of center pivot irrigation systems can provide important information for agriculture production, water consumption and land use. Deep learning has become an effective method for image classification and object detection. In this paper, a new method to detect the precise shape of center pivot irrigation systems, PVANET-Hough, is proposed. The proposed method combines a lightweight real-time object detection network PVANET based on deep learning and accurate shape detection Hough transform to detect and accurately locate center pivot irrigation systems. The method proposed in this paper does not need any preprocessing, PVANET is lightweight and fast, Hough transform can accurately detect the shape of center pivot irrigation systems, and reduce the false alarms of PVANET at the mean time. Experiments with the Sentinel-2 images in Mato Grosso demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Economic viability of retrofiting emitters in center pivot irrigation systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornélio A. Zolin ◽  
Rubens D. Coelho ◽  
Janaina Paulino ◽  
Marcos V. Folegatti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Center Pivot

Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the uniformity of water application under center pivot irrigation systems, there are few studies concerning the economic perspective of such coefficient. The aim of this study is to present a methodology to accomplish an economic analysis as support for the decision-making to retrofit emitters in center pivot irrigation systems, and to attribute an economic meaning to the uniformity coefficient of water application taking into account the response function productivity to the amount of water applied and the sale price of the crops. In the hypothetic calculation example considering the variation of revenue of potato crop under center pivot irrigation system, it was verified that the area with uniformity coefficient of water application of 90% brought an income increase of BR$ 1,992.00, considering an area about 1,0 ha. Thus, it can be concluded that the methodology presented has met the objectives proposed in the study and made it possible to attribute an economical meaning to the coefficient of water uniformity application.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ÁREAS IRRIGADAS POR PIVÔ CENTRAL E LINEAR MÓVEL NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Baifus Manke ◽  
Lessandro Coll Faria ◽  
Moisés Gomes Pereira ◽  
Bernardo Gomes Nörenberg ◽  
Tamara Leitzke Caldeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Center Pivot

IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ÁREAS IRRIGADAS POR PIVÔ CENTRAL E LINEAR MÓVEL NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL  Emanuele Baifus Manke1; Lessandro Coll Faria2; Moisés Gomes Pereira3; Bernardo Gomes Nörenberg4; Tamara Leitzke Caldeira1 E Henrique Fonseca Elias de Oliveira5 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Manejo e Conservação do Solo e da Água, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel. Capão do Leão, RS, [email protected] de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel. Pelotas, RS, [email protected] Hídrico, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel. Pelotas, RS, [email protected] de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel. Pelotas, RS, [email protected] Federal Goiano/Campus Ceres, IF Goiano, Ceres, GO, [email protected]  1 RESUMO A escassez de água em algumas regiões brasileiras retrata a importância da adequada gestão dos recursos hídricos. Entre as atividades que necessitam de água, a irrigação é considerada a mais exigente em termos de volume. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar a distribuição espacial dos sistemas de irrigação do tipo pivô central e linear móvel licenciados e em operação no Rio Grande do Sul, de tal forma que estas informações possam ser aplicadas na otimização da gestão de recursos hídricos. O conjunto de dados utilizado no estudo foi fornecido pela Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luiz Roessler (FEPAM) e consistiu-se de coordenadas geográficas associadas aos sistemas de irrigação licenciados. Os sistemas de irrigação do tipo pivô central e linear móvel foram distribuídos nas doze principais bacias hidrográficas do Rio Grande do Sul. Verificou-se que há 1.285 equipamentos do tipo pivô central e linear móvel licenciados pela FEPAM, que irrigam uma área total de 91.849 ha. A maior concentração destes sistemas de irrigação está na região noroeste do estado, especialmente nas bacias hidrográficas do Alto Jacuí e Ijuí. Na região Sul, do Rio Grande Sul, apenas alguns sistemas do tipo pivô central e linear móvel foram observados, podendo este fato ser parcialmente atribuído à predominância de irrigação por inundação na cultura do arroz. Palavras-chave: Gestão de recursos hídricos, bacia hidrográfica, irrigação.  Manke, E. B.; Faria, L. C.; Pereira, M. G.; Nörenberg, B. G.; Caldeira, T. L.; Oliveira; H. F. E.IDENTIFICATION OF IRRIGATED AREAS BY CENTER PIVOT AND MOVING LATERAL IN STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL  2 ABSTRACT Water scarcity in some Brazilian regions makes water resources management greatly important. Among the activities that need water, irrigation is considered the most demanding in terms of volume of water, and Rio Grande do Sul is one of the states in Brazil with the largest agricultural production. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the geographical distribution of licensed center pivot and linear moving irrigation systems operating in Rio Grande do Sul state such that information can be applied to optimize water resources management. The main dataset used in the study was provided by Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luiz Roessler (FEPAM) and consisted of geographical coordinates associated with the aforementioned licensed irrigation systems. These irrigation systems were distributed on the twelve main watersheds in Rio Grande do Sul state. There are 1,285 center pivot and linear moving equipments licensed by FEPAM, which irrigate an area of 91,849 ha. The greatest concentration of this irrigation system is in the Northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul state, especially in Alto Jacuí and Ijuí watersheds. On the other hand, only a few of such systems were observed in South region of Rio Grande do Sul state and this can be partially attributed to the predominance of flood irrigation for rice. Keywords: water resources management, watershed, irrigation.

scholarly journals Automatic Identification of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems from Landsat Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenxiao Zhang ◽  
Peng Yue ◽  
Liping Di ◽  
Zhaoyan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Center Pivot

Being hailed as the greatest mechanical innovation in agriculture since the replacement of draft animals by the tractor, center pivot irrigation systems irrigate crops with a significant reduction in both labor and water needs compared to traditional irrigation methods, such as flood irrigation. In the last few decades, the deployment of center pivot irrigation systems has increased dramatically throughout the United States. Monitoring the installment and operation of the center pivot systems can help: (i) Water resource management agencies to objectively assess water consumption and properly allocate water resources, (ii) Agro-businesses to locate potential customers, and (iii) Researchers to investigate land use change. However, few studies have been carried out on the automatic identification and location of center pivot irrigation systems from satellite images. Growing rapidly in recent years, machine learning techniques have been widely applied on image recognition, and they provide a possible solution for identification of center pivot systems. In this study, a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) approach was proposed for identification of center pivot irrigation systems. CNNs with different structures were constructed and compared for the task. A sampling approach was presented for training data augmentation. The CNN with the best performance and less training time was used in the testing area. A variance-based approach was proposed to further locate the center of each center pivot system. The experiment was applied to a 30-m resolution Landsat image, covering an area of 20,000 km2 in North Colorado. A precision of 95.85% and a recall of 93.33% of the identification results indicated that the proposed approach performed well in the center pivot irrigation systems identification task.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DESEMPENHOS HIDRÁULICO E ECONÔMICO DE PIVÔS CENTRAIS

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Rafael Ludwig ◽  
Givaldo Dantas Sampaio Neto ◽  
Fernando Ferrari Putti ◽  
João Carlos Cury Saad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Performance Validation ◽  
E Mail

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DESEMPENHOS HIDRÁULICO E ECONÔMICO DE PIVÔS CENTRAIS*   RAFAEL LUDWIG1; GIVALDO DANTAS SAMPAIO NETO2;  FERNANDO FERRARI PUTTI3 E JOÃO CARLOS CURY SAAD1   1Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] ; [email protected] 2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso - Campus Confresa,  Confresa, MT, Brasil.   E-mail: [email protected] 3Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Tupã, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A agricultura irrigada é dependente de energia elétrica para aumentar a produção e conseguir suprir as necessidades do mercado, o qual mostra-se cada vez mais exigente e competitivo. No entanto, com a escassez de energia e água, aliada à rápida elevação dos custos de produção, desperta-se o interesse para o uso racional destes recursos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o processo de criação de um software para avaliar a influência da declividade do terreno nas pressões e no gasto energético em um sistema de irrigação por pivô central. O software foi elaborado utilizando a linguagem de programação Delphi, acessando um Banco de Dados criado em Access2013, integrante do pacote Microsoft Office. Trata-se de um estudo desenvolvido em parceria com o Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA –UNESP, a Escuela de Ingenieros Agronomos da Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – EIA-UPM e a Associação do Sudoeste Paulista de Irrigantes e Plantio na Palha – ASPIPP, sediada no distrito de Campos de Holambra município de Paranapanema – SP. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o software desenvolvido pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para a avaliação do desempenho e funcionamento de sistemas de irrigação por pivô central, possibilitando ao usuário a realização da análise quanto à possibilidade de intervenção na vazão e pressão para redução de custos operacionais, fornecendo três possibilidades de alteração, considerando a lâmina fornecida e o consumo energético.   Palavras-chave: otimização, gasto energético, irrigação.     LUDWIG, R.; SAMPAIO NETO, G. D.; PUTTI, F. F.; SAAD, J. C. C. SOFTWARE FOR EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES OF CENTER PIVOTS     2 ABSTRACT   Irrigated agriculture is dependent on electricity to increase production and to be able to supply the needs of the market, which is increasingly demanding and competitive. However, the lack of resources, such as water and electricity, and the rise of production cost, demand a rational use of these resources. The objective of this paper is to present the process of creating a software to assess the influence of land slope on pressures and energy spent in a center pivot irrigation system.  The software was developed using Delphi programming language, accessing a database created in Access 2013, part of the Microsoft Office suite. It is a research developed in a partnership with the Rural Engineering Department of  Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA –UNESP, Escuela de Ingenieros Agronomos da Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – EIA-UPM, and Associação do Sudoeste Paulista de Irrigantes e Plantio na Palha – ASPIPP, located in the district of Campos de Holambra in Parapanema – SP. The results show that the software is an alternative for performance validation and operation of  center pivot irrigation systems. Moreover, it allows users to analyze the possibility of intervention in the flow rate and pressure to reduce operational costs, providing three possibilities of intervention considering water depth provided and energy consumption.   Keywords: optimization, sprinkle irrigation, energy consumption

scholarly journals Deep Semantic Segmentation of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems from Remotely Sensed Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anesmar Olino de Albuquerque ◽  
Osmar Abílio de Carvalho Júnior ◽  
Osmar Luiz Ferreira de Carvalho ◽  
Pablo Pozzobon de Bem ◽  
Pedro Henrique Guimarães Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Definition Of

The center pivot irrigation system (CPIS) is a modern irrigation technique widely used in precision agriculture due to its high efficiency in water consumption and low labor compared to traditional irrigation methods. The CPIS is a leader in mechanized irrigation in Brazil, with growth forecast for the coming years. Therefore, the mapping of center pivot areas is a strategic factor for the estimation of agricultural production, ensuring food security, water resources management, and environmental conservation. In this regard, digital processing of satellite images is the primary tool allowing regional and continuous monitoring with low costs and agility. However, the automatic detection of CPIS using remote sensing images remains a challenge, and much research has adopted visual interpretation. Although CPIS presents a consistent circular shape in the landscape, these areas can have a high internal variation with different plantations that vary over time, which is difficult with just the spectral behavior. Deep learning using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is an emerging approach that provokes a revolution in image segmentation, surpassing traditional methods, and achieving higher accuracy and efficiency. This research aimed to evaluate the use of deep semantic segmentation of CPIS from CNN-based algorithms using Landsat-8 surface reflectance images (seven bands). The developed methodology can be subdivided into the following steps: (a) Definition of three study areas with a high concentration of CPIS in Central Brazil; (b) acquisition of Landsat-8 images considering the seasonal variations of the rain and drought periods; (c) definition of CPIS datasets containing Landsat images and ground truth mask of 256×256 pixels; (d) training using three CNN architectures (U-net, Deep ResUnet, and SharpMask); (e) accuracy analysis; and (f) large image reconstruction using six stride values (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256). The three methods achieved state-of-the-art results with a slight prevalence of U-net over Deep ResUnet and SharpMask (0.96, 0.95, and 0.92 Kappa coefficients, respectively). A novelty in this research was the overlapping pixel analysis in the large image reconstruction. Lower stride values had improvements quantified by the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve) and Kappa, and fewer errors in the frame edges were also perceptible. The overlapping images significantly improved the accuracy and reduced the error present in the edges of the classified frames. Additionally, we obtained greater accuracy results during the beginning of the dry season. The present study enabled the establishment of a database of center pivot images and an adequate methodology for mapping the center pivot in central Brazil.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Standard Center Pivot and Growers-Based Modified Center Pivot for Evaluating Uniformity Coefficient and Water Distribution

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1675
Author(s):  
Hussein Al-Ghobari ◽  
Ahmed Z. Dewidar
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Center Pivot

The center pivot irrigation system is a type of irrigation technology used to apply water effectively and uniformly over a wide variety of areas and topographies. These irrigation systems’ uniformity of water application greatly affects water use, energy consumption, and crop production. Performance tests of the standard lateral galvanized and modified polyethylene plastic pipes in the center pivot irrigation systems were conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Water distribution depths along the laterals, coefficient of uniformity (CU), and distribution uniformity of the low quarter (DU) were determined. The results revealed that profiles of water distribution ranged from 4 to 14 mm for the standard-center pivot irrigation systems, while those for the modified-center pivot irrigation systems ranged from 6.5 to 50 mm. Standard-center pivot irrigation systems’ CU values ranged from 74 to 90%, with an average of 86%. In comparison, the modified-center pivot irrigation systems’ CU values ranged from 62 to 83%, with an average of 78%. The DU values ranged from 60 to 82% for the standard-center pivot irrigation systems, with an overall average of 77%. For the modified-center pivot irrigation systems, the DU values, in contrast, ranged from 31 to 75%, with an average of 65%. Thus, the accuracy and uniformity of the standard-center pivot irrigation systems are superior to those that have been modified. Additionally, a statistical model was developed to investigate the relationship between the water losses and the main climatic factors under field operating conditions. Therefore, the study results are expected to draw attention to standard lateral pipes’ value on the one hand and demonstrate the detrimental consequences of growers’ incorrect practices in pivot irrigation systems, motivating them to take strong action against these activities, on the other hand.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WATER USE PLAN PROCEDURES, MEASURES AND WATER USE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Matluba Muxammadiyeva ◽  
◽  
Iftixor Ergashev
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Point Pressure ◽  
A Performance

If we look at the existing irrigation methods used today in the country, then they are divided into: ground, rainfall, underground or underground, drip and spray. Basically, they are transferred to the irrigation field in two forms: through gravity and pressure irrigation systems. Naturally, a gravity irrigation system is economically more expensive than a low pressure irrigation system. However, from a performance appraisal stand point, pressure irrigation methods are less efficient and have serious disadvantages

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