scholarly journals Unraveling the Morphological Constraints on Roman Gold Mining Hydraulic Infrastructure in NW Spain. A UAV-Derived Photogrammetric and Multispectral Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-Lozano ◽  
Enoc Sanz-Ablanedo
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Network Comparison ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Hydraulic Network ◽  
Hydraulic Infrastructure ◽  
New Strategies

The province of León preserves a unique hydraulic infrastructure 1200 km-long, used for the exploitation of auriferous deposits in Roman times. It represents the most extensive waterworks in Europe and is one of the best-preserved examples of mining heritage in Antiquity. In this work, three mining exploitation sectors (upper, middle, and lower) characterized by channels and leats developed in different geological materials were examined, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). A multi-approach based on a comparison of photogrammetric and multispectral data improved the identification and description of the hydraulic network. Comparison with traditional orthoimages and LiDAR data suggests that UAV-derived multispectral images are of great interest in areas where these sets of data have low resolution or areas that are densely covered by vegetation. The results showed that the size of the channel box and its width were factors that do not depend exclusively on the available water resources, as previously suggested, but also on the geological and hydraulic conditioning factors that intervene in each sector. Additionally, the detailed study allowed the establishment of a water sheet maximum height that was much lower than previously thought. All in all, these inferences might help researchers develop new strategies for mapping the Roman mining infrastructure and establishing the importance of geological inheritance on the construction of the hydraulic system that led the Romans to the accomplishment of the largest mining infrastructure ever known in Europe.

scholarly journals COASTAL APPLICATIONS OF THE ERTS-A SATELLITE

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Orville T. Magoon ◽  
Douglas M. Pirie ◽  
John W. Jarman
Keyword(s):  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Maximum Utility ◽  
Data Output ◽  
Constant Observation ◽  
One Year

This paper describes the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) placed in orbit in July 1972 and the ERTS simulation high altitude aircraft flights which have been flown for approximately one year. The ERTS satellite and simulation programs conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have been developed to demonstrate the techniques for efficient management of the earth's resources. To achieve this objective the ERTS-A satellite provides for the repetitive acquisition of high resolution multispectral data of the earth's surface on a global basis. Two sensor systems have been selected for this purpose: a fourchannel multispectral scanner (MSS) subsystem for ERTS-A and a threecamera return beam vidicon (RBV) system. Systematic repeating earth coverage under nearly constant observation conditions is provided for maximum utility of the multispectral images collected by the ERTS satellite, which operates in a circular sun synchronous nearly polar orbit at an altitude of 494 nautical miles. It circles the earth every 103 minutes completing 14 orbits per day and views the entire earth in 18 days. The orbit has been selected so that the satellite ground trace repeats its earth coverage at the same local time every 18-day period within 20 nautical miles. A number of data output products are available from this satellite which include 70 mm products for precise location of topographic features, 9.5 inch positive or paper prints and also computer compatible tapes or punched cards. Also described are the results of the ERTS-A simulation flights flown at an altitude of 65,000 feet as related to coastal studies. Simulations of both the RBV and MSS in coastal areas are presented.

scholarly journals Study and Design of a Mobile Hydraulic Lift Table with Single Scissors

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Guy Clarence Semassou ◽  
Roger Ahouansou ◽  
Edmond Claude Vodounnou ◽  
Guidi Tognon Clotilde
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Hydraulic Lift ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Lifting Capacity

The “BENIN TERMINAL” machines are maintained by company technicians who encounter difficulties in the operations carried out on these machines. In fact, it is about improving the procedure for installing and removing engines and gearboxes for BENIN TERMINAL mobile vehicles through the study and design of a single scissor lift table. It has a lifting capacity of 2 tons, a width of 900 mm, a total length of 1900 mm and a maximum height of 2000 mm using a hydraulic system. It works with 12 V batteries, simple and height-adjustable workspace. The lifting table also allows certain operations requiring an average height to be carried out.This device was developed for the BENIN TERMINAL garage in order to reduce the efforts and risks encountered by technicians when installing or removing engines and gearboxes on certain machines, in particular heavy machines such as Reach Stackers and 16ton forklifts.

Performance Comparison of Methods for Tree Species Classification in Multispectral Images

1970 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dinuls ◽  
A. Lorencs ◽  
I. Mednieks
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Better Than

A number of methods for classification of individual trees in high resolution multispectral images have been developed. The paper provides comparative analysis of some practicable methods of such type. Classification accuracy into 5 species was tested by computer simulations with real multispectral data obtained using airborne hyperspectral sensor. Coordinates and species of individual trees were supplied for testing by field work. It is shown that classification accuracy better than 97 % can be reached by more sophisticated methods in favorable conditions. Presented results can be used to choose a classification method appropriate for the particular forest inventory task. Ill. 1, bibl. 7 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.111.5.371

scholarly journals New Perspectives for UAV-Based Modelling the Roman Gold Mining Infrastructure in NW Spain

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-Lozano ◽  
Alberto González-Díez ◽  
Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso ◽  
Rosa Carrasco ◽  
Javier Pedraza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Hydraulic Infrastructure ◽  
Textured Models ◽  
Mining Heritage

This contribution discusses the potential of UAV-assisted (unmanned aerial vehicles) photogrammetry for the study and preservation of mining heritage sites using the example of Roman gold mining infrastructure in northwestern Spain. The study area represents the largest gold area in Roman times and comprises 7 mining elements of interest that characterize the most representative examples of such ancient works. UAV technology provides a non-invasive procedure valuable for the acquisition of digital information in remote, difficult to access areas or under the risk of destruction. The proposed approach is a cost-effective, robust and rapid method for image processing in remote areas were no traditional surveying technologies are available. It is based on a combination of data provided by aerial orthoimage and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) to improve the accuracy of UAV derived data. The results provide high-resolution orthomosaic, DEMs and 3D textured models that aim for the documentation of ancient mining scenarios, providing high-resolution digital information that improves the identification, description and interpretation of mining elements such as the hydraulic infrastructure, the presence of open-cast mines which exemplifies the different exploitation methods, and settlements. However, beyond the scientific and technical information provided by the data, the 3D documentation of ancient mining scenarios is a powerful tool for an effective and wider public diffusion ensuring the visualization, preservation and awareness over the importance and conservation of world mining heritage sites.

scholarly journals Optimal Pressure Measurement Layout Design in Water Distribution Network Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kálmán Klapcsik ◽  
Roxána Varga ◽  
Csaba Hős
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Hydraulic Network ◽  
Community Concept

This paper addresses the problem of locating the optimal pressure measurement points in a hydraulic system to help system management, calibration/validation of hydraulic models and measurement planning. Two approaches are discussed in the present work. The first method splits the hydraulic system by means of community concept borrowed from graph theory and uses merely the topology of the network. The resulting subsystems will have minimum number of external and maximum number of internal connections and leaves the choice of locating the single pressure measurement location per subsystem to a higher-level decision. The second technique is based on the sensitivity analysis of the hydraulic network and places the measurement points at the most sensitive locations, while trying to preserve the spatial diversity of the layout, i.e. preventing the accumulation of the measurement points within a small area of high sensitivity. The performance of both techniques is demonstrated on real-size hydraulic networks. The proposed sampling layouts are compared to classic D-optimality, A-optimality and V-optimality criterion.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric variegation of the layering in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by OSIRIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. A16
Author(s):  
G. Tognon ◽  
S. Ferrari ◽  
L. Penasa ◽  
F. La Forgia ◽  
M. Massironi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Narrow Angle ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Comet 67P ◽  
Perihelion Passage

Context. Between August 2014 and September 2016, the ESA space mission Rosetta escorted comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) during its perihelion passage. The onboard OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) acquired high-resolution multispectral images of the cometary surface. These datasets allowed a characterization of the spectrophotometric variegation of the layering of the large lobe, correlated with the layer structural elevation. Aims. We perform a spectrophotometric characterization of the outcropping stratification of the small lobe of 67P as a function of its structural elevation, and consequently, a spectrophotometric comparison of the layered outcrops of the two lobes. Methods. We selected two sequences of post-perihelion OSIRIS NAC images (~2.4 au outbound tothe Sun), from which we built up two multispectral images, framing an extended geological section of the onion-like stratification of the small lobe. Then we classified the consolidated areas of the outcropping and the relative coarse deposits that were identified in the multispectral data with a two-class maximum likelihood method. For this, we defined the classes as a function of the structural elevation of the surface. Results. As a result, we identified a brightness variegation of the surface reflectance that is correlated with the structural elevation. The outer class, which is located at higher elevations, appears darker than the inner class. This fits previously obtained results for the large lobe. The reflectance values of the nucleus of 67P tend to decrease with increasing structural elevation. Conclusions. The observed spectrophotometric variegation can be due to a different texture as well as to a different content of volatiles and refractories. We suggest that the outer outcrops appear darker because they have been exposed longer, and the inner outcrops appear brighter because the surface has been more effectively rejuvenated. We interpret this variegation as the result of an evolutionary process.

scholarly journals DATA FUSION OF PANCHROMATIC AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES BASED ON OPTIMIZATION USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER

2018 ◽  
Vol IV-5 ◽  
pp. 397-404
Author(s):  
M. B. Devi ◽  
R. Devanathan
Keyword(s):  
Image Fusion ◽  
Lagrange Multiplier ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Object A ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Sensor Model ◽  
Simulation Results

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The remote sensing satellites provide complementary images of different resolutions which need to be integrated using the techniques of image fusion. In this paper, image fusion using the IKONOS satellite data is discussed. Unlike other models which are based on sensor model, our approach is data centric including the effects of the sensor as well as the reflectance characteristics of the imaged object. A linear relationship is built between the panchromatic channel and the multispectral channel data. We then formulate a minimisation function in terms of Lagrange multiplier to optimally maximise the spectral consistency and minimise the error in variance. The variances of the downsampled multispectral channels are observed and compared with the original multispectral data. A chi-square goodness of fit test is performed to evaluate the data computed based on our algorithm. Simulation results are presented using the IKONOS 1m resolution panchromatic and 4<span class="thinspace"></span>m resolution multispectral data.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of Weed Classification Using Hyperspectral Reflectance and Optimal Multispectral UAV Imagery

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1435
Author(s):  
Nik Norasma Che’Ya ◽  
Ernest Dunwoody ◽  
Madan Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Detection ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Weeds compete with crops and are hard to differentiate and identify due to their similarities in color, shape, and size. In this study, the weed species present in sorghum (sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) fields, such as amaranth (Amaranthus macrocarpus), pigweed (Portulaca oleracea), mallow weed (Malva sp.), nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus), liver seed grass (Urochoa panicoides), and Bellive (Ipomea plebeian), were discriminated using hyperspectral data and were detected and analyzed using multispectral images. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to identify the most significant spectral bands in order to discriminate weeds from sorghum using hyperspectral data. The results demonstrated good separation accuracy for Amaranthus macrocarpus, Urochoa panicoides, Malva sp., Cyperus rotundus, and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench at 440, 560, 680, 710, 720, and 850 nm. Later, the multispectral images of these six bands were collected to detect weeds in the sorghum crop fields using object-based image analysis (OBIA). The results showed that the differences between sorghum and weed species were detectable using the six selected bands, with data collected using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Here, the highest spatial resolution had the highest accuracy for weed detection. It was concluded that each weed was successfully discriminated using hyperspectral data and was detectable using multispectral data with higher spatial resolution.

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