scholarly journals Closing the Phenotyping Gap: High Resolution UAV Time Series for Soybean Growth Analysis Provides Objective Data from Field Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Borra-Serrano ◽  
Tom De Swaef ◽  
Paul Quataert ◽  
Jonas Aper ◽  
Aamir Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curves ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Field Phenotyping ◽  
And Performance

Close remote sensing approaches can be used for high throughput on-field phenotyping in the context of plant breeding and biological research. Data on canopy cover (CC) and canopy height (CH) and their temporal changes throughout the growing season can yield information about crop growth and performance. In the present study, sigmoid models were fitted to multi-temporal CC and CH data obtained using RGB imagery captured with a drone for a broad set of soybean genotypes. The Gompertz and Beta functions were used to fit CC and CH data, respectively. Overall, 90.4% fits for CC and 99.4% fits for CH reached an adjusted R2 > 0.70, demonstrating good performance of the models chosen. Using these growth curves, parameters including maximum absolute growth rate, early vigor, maximum height, and senescence were calculated for a collection of soybean genotypes. This information was also used to estimate seed yield and maturity (R8 stage) (adjusted R2 = 0.51 and 0.82). Combinations of parameter values were tested to identify genotypes with interesting traits. An integrative approach of fitting a curve to a multi-temporal dataset resulted in biologically interpretable parameters that were informative for relevant traits.

Responses of soybean genotypes to intercropping with maize in the Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
C. U. Egbo ◽  
M. A. Adagba ◽  
D. K. Adedzwa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Location Interaction

Field trials were conducted in the wet seasons of 1997 and 1998 at Makurdi, Otukpo and Yandev in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to study the responses of ten soybean genotypes to intercropping. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design. The genotypes TGX 1807-19F, NCRI-Soy2, Cameroon Late and TGX 1485-1D had the highest grain yield. All the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values were higher than unity, indicating that there is great advantage in intercropping maize with soybean. The yield of soybean was positively correlated with the days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods/plant and leaf area, indicating that an improvement in any of these traits will be reflected in an increase in seed yield. There was a significant genotype × yield × location interaction for all traits. This suggests that none of these factors acted independently. Similarly, the genotype × location interaction was more important than the genotype × year interaction for seed yield, indicating that the yield response of the ten soybean genotypes varied across locations rather than across years. Therefore, using more testing sites for evaluation may be more important than the number of years.

scholarly journals Modified Humic Substances as Soil Conditioners: Laboratory and Field Trials

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kulikova ◽  
Alexander B. Volikov ◽  
Olga I. Filippova ◽  
Vladimir A. Kholodov ◽  
Nadezhda V. Yaroslavtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Conditioner ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Substrate Induced Respiration ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

The paper is devoted to the development and performance testing of a soil conditioner based on leonardite humic substances (LHS) modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The modified HS were obtained by adding APTES to LHS solution at different mass ratios of LHS and APTES, followed by the investigation of siloxane structures using 31Si NMR spectroscopy. The Urbic Technosol was used as a model soil. The size and amount of water-stable soil aggregates were estimated using wet sieving and laser diffraction, respectively. Toxicity was evaluated by monitoring microbial substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and seedling bioassay. Laboratory column experiments demonstrated an increase in water-stability of the 3–5 mm soil aggregates after LHS-APTES application. Field tests showed an increase in the average weighted diameter of micro aggregates (from 59 to 73 μm) and water-stable macroaggregates (from 1.6 to 2.9 mm) due to the LHS-APTES amendment. A substantial increase in SIR from 5 to 9 mg CO2 (kg h)−1 was detected. Better survival of seedlings was observed. The obtained beneficial results indicate that APTES-modified HS can be successfully used as a soil conditioner. The formation of extended siloxane networks was suggested as the main mechanism of the observed improvement in the structure of the amended soils.

scholarly journals DUNE STABILIZATION WITH A SAND/GEL COMPOSITE SYSTEM

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
M.H. Auerbach ◽  
G.W. Borden ◽  
B.L. Edge
Keyword(s):  
Composite System ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Front Face ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Wave Research ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Temporary Stabilization

The effectiveness of a novel sand/gel composite system for the temporary stabilization of coastal dunes was demonstrated in wavetank and field testing. The composite consists of 97% beach sand and water, with a few percent of a biodegradable aqueous polymeric gel made from nontoxic ingredients. The gel binds the sand into a firm but resilient composite that is natural in appearance and resists erosion from waves and tides. The composite is applied by pneumatic gun to the front face of a dune to a few feet below the berm level for toe protection. This paper describes the initial development and performance of the composite system in wavetank tests at the Oregon State University Wave Research Facility and field trials at Anastasia State Park, St. Augustine, Florida; Chuck's Steak House, Melbourne Beach, Florida; and Ocean Dunes Condominiums, Fort Fisher, North Carolina.

Yield losses of soybeans due to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. Glycinea

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Ryley ◽  
HF Mosetter ◽  
JL Rose
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
High Death Rate ◽  
High Death ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Seed Yields

Field trials were conducted in two seasons to determine the influence of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea on seed yields of soybean genotypes with different levels of resistance. The fungicide metalaxyl, applied as a seed dressing and soil drenches, was used to control the disease. The cultivar Davis, which has high field resistance, did not suffer significant losses in either year. whereas the yield depression of less resistant genotypes ranged up to 72%, depending on the genotype and year. In 198 1 - 82 high death rate of plants occurred early in the season, but yield losses were less than in 1982-83 when mortality occurred late in the season. The declining ability of surviving plants to compensate for disease losses during the latter growth stages may account for the differences in yield losses between seasons.Genotypes with immunity to P. megasperma f.sp. glycinea have been widely grown in the United States because they offer complete protection against some races. However, new pathogenic races have developed quickly, and previously immune genotypes have then suffered severe yield losses. The results of these trials demonstrate that yield losses can be prevented without resorting to fungicide treatments. It is likely that a stable long-term solution to phytophthora root and stem rot will be conferred by field resistance.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of RGB and Multispectral Sensor-Based Cotton Canopy Cover Modelling Using Multi-Temporal UAS Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akash Ashapure ◽  
Jinha Jung ◽  
Anjin Chang ◽  
Sungchan Oh ◽  
Murilo Maeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Rgb Images ◽  
Multispectral Sensors

This study presents a comparative study of multispectral and RGB (red, green, and blue) sensor-based cotton canopy cover modelling using multi-temporal unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) imagery. Additionally, a canopy cover model using an RGB sensor is proposed that combines an RGB-based vegetation index with morphological closing. The field experiment was established in 2017 and 2018, where the whole study area was divided into approximately 1 x 1 m size grids. Grid-wise percentage canopy cover was computed using both RGB and multispectral sensors over multiple flights during the growing season of the cotton crop. Initially, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)-based canopy cover was estimated, and this was used as a reference for the comparison with RGB-based canopy cover estimations. To test the maximum achievable performance of RGB-based canopy cover estimation, a pixel-wise classification method was implemented. Later, four RGB-based canopy cover estimation methods were implemented using RGB images, namely Canopeo, the excessive greenness index, the modified red green vegetation index and the red green blue vegetation index. The performance of RGB-based canopy cover estimation was evaluated using NDVI-based canopy cover estimation. The multispectral sensor-based canopy cover model was considered to be a more stable and accurately estimating canopy cover model, whereas the RGB-based canopy cover model was very unstable and failed to identify canopy when cotton leaves changed color after canopy maturation. The application of a morphological closing operation after the thresholding significantly improved the RGB-based canopy cover modeling. The red green blue vegetation index turned out to be the most efficient vegetation index to extract canopy cover with very low average root mean square error (2.94% for the 2017 dataset and 2.82% for the 2018 dataset), with respect to multispectral sensor-based canopy cover estimation. The proposed canopy cover model provides an affordable alternate of the multispectral sensors which are more sensitive and expensive.

scholarly journals Territory Quality Predicts Avian Vocal Performance Across an Urban-Rural Gradient

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer N. Phillips ◽  
W. Justin Cooper ◽  
David A. Luther ◽  
Elizabeth P. Derryberry
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Anthropogenic Noise ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
And Performance

Human activity around the globe is a growing source of selection pressure on animal behavior and communication systems. Some animals can modify their vocalizations to avoid masking from anthropogenic noise. However, such modifications can also affect the salience of these vocalizations in functional contexts such as competition and mate choice. Such is the case in the well-studied Nuttall's white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli), which lives year-round in both urban San Francisco and nearby rural Point Reyes. A performance feature of this species' song is salient in territorial defense, such that higher performance songs elicit stronger responses in simulated territorial intrusions; but songs with lower performance values transmit better in anthropogenic noise. A key question then is whether vocal performance signals male quality and ability to obtain high quality territories in urban populations. We predicted white-crowned sparrows with higher vocal performance will be in better condition and will tend to hold territories with lower noise levels and more species-preferred landscape features. Because white-crowned sparrows are adapted to coastal scrub habitats, we expect high quality territories to contain lower and less dense canopies, less drought, more greenness, and more flat open ground for foraging. To test our predictions, we recorded songs and measured vocal performance and body condition (scaled mass index and fat score) for a set of urban and rural birds (N = 93), as well as ambient noise levels on their territories. Remote sensing metrics measured landscape features of territories, such as drought stress (NDWI), greenness (NDVI), mean canopy height, maximum height, leaf area density (understory and canopy), slope, and percent bare ground for a 50 m radius on each male territory. We did not find a correlation between body condition and performance but did find a relationship between noise levels and performance. Further, high performers held territories with lower canopies and less dense vegetation, which are species-preferred landscape features. These findings link together fundamental aspects of sexual selection in that habitat quality and the quality of sexually selected signals appear to be associated: males that have the highest performing songs are defending territories of the highest quality.

scholarly journals Myosin Transducer Mutations Differentially Affect Motor Function, Myofibril Structure, and the Performance of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Cammarato ◽  
Corey M. Dambacher ◽  
Aileen F. Knowles ◽  
William A. Kronert ◽  
Rolf Bodmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Molecular Motor ◽  
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Muscle Disorders ◽  
Dilatory Response ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
And Performance

Striated muscle myosin is a multidomain ATP-dependent molecular motor. Alterations to various domains affect the chemomechanical properties of the motor, and they are associated with skeletal and cardiac myopathies. The myosin transducer domain is located near the nucleotide-binding site. Here, we helped define the role of the transducer by using an integrative approach to study how Drosophila melanogaster transducer mutations D45 and Mhc5affect myosin function and skeletal and cardiac muscle structure and performance. We found D45 (A261T) myosin has depressed ATPase activity and in vitro actin motility, whereas Mhc5(G200D) myosin has these properties enhanced. Depressed D45 myosin activity protects against age-associated dysfunction in metabolically demanding skeletal muscles. In contrast, enhanced Mhc5myosin function allows normal skeletal myofibril assembly, but it induces degradation of the myofibrillar apparatus, probably as a result of contractile disinhibition. Analysis of beating hearts demonstrates depressed motor function evokes a dilatory response, similar to that seen with vertebrate dilated cardiomyopathy myosin mutations, and it disrupts contractile rhythmicity. Enhanced myosin performance generates a phenotype apparently analogous to that of human restrictive cardiomyopathy, possibly indicating myosin-based origins for the disease. The D45 and Mhc5mutations illustrate the transducer's role in influencing the chemomechanical properties of myosin and produce unique pathologies in distinct muscles. Our data suggest Drosophila is a valuable system for identifying and modeling mutations analogous to those associated with specific human muscle disorders.

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