scholarly journals Land Surface Phenologies and Seasonalities in the US Prairie Pothole Region Coupling AMSR Passive Microwave Data with the USDA Cropland Data Layer

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 2550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woubet G. Alemu ◽  
Geoffrey M. Henebry ◽  
Assefa M. Melesse
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
The Us ◽  
Data Layer

Land surface phenologies and seasonalities in the US Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) were characterized using land surface variables derived from the coarse spatial resolution (25 km) Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) blended data for 2003 to 2016 linked with the optically based USDA NASS Crop Data Layer (CDL) at a much finer spatial resolution. Two transects of AMSR pixels—one in east-central North Dakota and the other in eastern South Dakota—were selected for analysis. The AMSR data were grouped earlier (2003–2005, 2007) and later (2013–2016) to emphasize temporal change and to avoid data discontinuity in 2011–2012 and a major drought in 2006. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test on the CDL data revealed that area in grasslands and wetlands strongly decreased in both transects, while corn and soybean coverage strongly increased. In crop-dominated sites, the AMSR vegetation optical depth (VOD) time series caught the early spring growth, ploughing, and crop growth and senescence. In contrast, the VOD time series at grassland dominated sites exhibited a lower peak but extended growth period. Crop-dominated sites had significantly higher amplitude VODs in both periods and transects. Based on the paired two-sample t-test, neither the peak VOD amplitude nor the peak VOD timing measured in accumulated growing degree-days was significantly different between temporal groups in the North Dakota transect. In contrast, in South Dakota, both the peak VOD amplitude and its timing were significantly different with shifts to later peak timing during the 2013–2016 period. In addition, in South Dakota but not North Dakota, there were significantly earlier shifts in the timing of peak growing degree-days and peak precipitation water vapor. Both spatial and temporal changes in AMSR land surface variables are linked to shifts in land cover along the South Dakota transect as revealed in the CDL data. More research is required to understand the dynamics evident in the passive microwave time series.

scholarly journals Land Cover and Land Use Change in the US Prairie Pothole Region Using the USDA Cropland Data Layer

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woubet G. Alemu ◽  
Geoffrey M. Henebry ◽  
Assefa M. Melesse
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
Data Layer ◽  
Pasture Area

The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is a biotically important region of grassland, wetland, and cropland that traverses the Canada-US border. Significant amounts of grasslands and wetlands within the PPR have been converted to croplands in recent years due to increasing demand for biofuels. We characterized land dynamics across the US portion of the PPR (US–PPR) using the USDA Crop Data Layer (CDL) for 2006–2018. We also conducted a comparative analysis between two epochs (1998–2007 & 2008–2017) of the CDL data time series in the North Dakotan portion of the US–PPR. The CDL revealed the western parts of the US–PPR have been dominated by grass/pasture, to the north it was spring wheat, to the east and southern half, soybeans dominated, and to the south it was corn (maize). Nonparametric trend analysis on the major crop and land cover types revealed statistically significant net decreases in the grass/pasture class between 2006 and 2018, which accounts for more than a quarter of grass/pasture area within the US–PPR. Other crops experiencing significant decreases included sunflower (-5%), winter wheat (-3%), spring wheat (-2%), and durum wheat (-1%). The combined coverage of corn and soybeans exhibited significant net increases in 23.5% of its cover; whereas, the individual significant net increases were 5% for corn and 11% for soybeans. Hotspots of increase in corn and soybeans were distributed across North and South Dakota. Other crop/land covers with huge significant increases include other hay/non-alfalfa (15%), and alfalfa (11%), which appear to be associated with the sharp increase in larger dairy operations, mostly in Minnesota. Wetland area increased 5% in the US–PPR, due to increased precipitation as well as inundation associated with Devils Lake in North Dakota. Hotspots of decreasing grass/pasture area were evident across the study area. Comparative trend analysis of two epochs (1998–2007 vs. 2008–2017) in North Dakota revealed that grass/pasture cover showed a negligible net trend (-0.3 %) between 1998 and 2007; whereas, there was a statistically significant decrease of more than 30% between 2008 and 2017. Combined coverage of corn and soybeans experienced statistically significant net increases in both epochs: 11% greater during 1998–2007 and 17% greater during 2008–2017. Recent sharp losses of grasslands and smaller wetlands combined the expansion of corn, soybeans, and alfalfa bode ill for wildlife habitat and require a re-examination of agricultural and energy policies that have encouraged these land transitions.

scholarly journals Influence of Wind Turbines on Presence of Willet, Marbled Godwit, Wilson's Phalarope and Black Tern on Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota

Waterbirds ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal D. Niemuth ◽  
Johann A. Walker ◽  
Jeffrey S. Gleason ◽  
Charles R. Loesch ◽  
Ronald E. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
Black Tern ◽  
Wilson’S Phalarope

scholarly journals Universal Rule for Covid 19 and Herd Immunity in the US

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G. Kuriyan
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Universal Rule

AbstractA new Universal rule for Covid 19 data is derived in this paper using the SIR model.It relates infection and removal rates and is validated by the global Covid 19 data. Over 186,000 data points, from 190 countries and the states of the US, for the period April 1 to December 12, 2020 - fall on a single line, as the Universal rule predicts, transcending geography, ethnicity and race.The Universal rule requires that Herd immunity begin when just 25% of the population is vaccinated. With the anticipated 100 million vaccinations in the first 100 days of the Biden administration, Herd immunity may be imminent in the US.The Universal rule promotes a temporary stasis with continuing infections and hospitalizations and becomes a barrier to runaway infections, making it practically impossible to reach Herd immunity, as Sweden discovered. Reduced infected population seems to be a third option to stifle the epidemic - a little known accomplishment, first by North Dakota and subsequently by twelve other U.S. states, including South Dakota.

Spatial Analysis of Climate-Viticulture Indices for the Eastern United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalyn Francine MacCracken ◽  
Paul R. Houser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
The Us ◽  
Resolution Dataset ◽  
Effective Degree

This study characterizes the climate structure in the Eastern United States for suitability of winegrape growth. For this study, the Eastern US is defined as the 44 contiguous Eastern most states. This excludes the premium wine growing states of California, Washington, Oregon and Idaho. For this characterization, a comparative study is performed on the four commonly used climate-viticulture indices (i.e., Average Growing Season Temperature, Growing Degree Days, Heliothermal Index and Biologically Effective Degree Days), and a new climate-viticulture index, the Modified-GSTavg (Mod-GSTavg). This is accomplished using the 1971 – 2000 PRISM 800-meter resolution dataset of climate temperature normal for the study area of 44 states and 62 American Viticultural Areas across the Eastern United States. The results revealed that all the climate indices have similar spatial patterns throughout the US with varying magnitudes and degrees of suitability.

scholarly journals Fat Dynamics of Arctic-Nesting Sandpipers During Spring in Mid-Continental North America

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-334
Author(s):  
Gary L. Krapu ◽  
Jan L. Eldridge ◽  
Cheri L. Gratto-Trevor ◽  
Deborah A. Buhl
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Total Body

Abstract We measured fresh body mass, total body fat, and fat-free dry mass (FFDM) of three species of Arctic-nesting calidrid sandpipers (Baird's Sandpiper [Calidris bairdii], hereafter “BASA”; Semipalmated Sandpiper [C. pusilla], hereafter “SESA”; and White-rumped Sandpiper [C. fuscicollis], hereafter “WRSA”) during spring stopovers in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North Dakota, and evaluated the contribution of stored fat to (1) energy requirements for migration to their Arctic-breeding grounds and (2) nutrient needs for reproduction. All spring migrant WRSA (n = 124) and BASA (n = 111), and all but 2 of 99 SESA we collected were ≥2 years old. Male and female BASA migrated through North Dakota concurrently, male SESA averaged earlier than females, and WRSA males preceded females. Fat indices (ratio of fat to FFDM) of male and female SESA and WRSA averaged approximately twice those of male and female BASA. Total body fat of male and female BASA increased with date in spring 1980, but not in 1981; slopes were similar for both sexes each year. Male and female SESA arrived lean in 1980 and 1981, and total body fat increased with date in both years, with similar slopes for all combinations of sex and year. Male and female WRSA arrived lean in 1980–1981 and 1981, respectively, and total body fat increased with date, whereas females arrived with fat reserves already acquired in 1980. Interspecific and sex differences in migration schedules probably contributed to variation in fat storage patterns by affecting maintenance energy costs and food availability. Estimated flight ranges of BASA suggest that few could have met their energy needs for migration to the breeding grounds exclusively from fat stored by the time of departure from North Dakota. Estimated flight ranges of SESA and WRSA, along with fresh body masses of both species when live-trapped on or near their breeding grounds in northern Canada, suggest that major parts of both populations stored adequate fat by departure from temperate mid-continental North America to meet their energy requirements for migration and part of their nutrient needs for reproduction. Dinámica de la Grasa en Chorlos que Nidifican en el Ártico durante la Primavera en el Área Continental Central de América del Norte

Spatiotemporal patterns of wetland occurrence in the Prairie Pothole Region of eastern South Dakota

Wetlands ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 678-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon N. Kahara ◽  
Rachel M. Mockler ◽  
Kenneth F. Higgins ◽  
Steven R. Chipps ◽  
Rex R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Prairie Pothole
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