scholarly journals Combining Evapotranspiration and Soil Apparent Electrical Conductivity Mapping to Identify Potential Precision Irrigation Benefits

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 2460
Author(s):  
Mallika A. Nocco ◽  
Samuel C. Zipper ◽  
Eric G. Booth ◽  
Cadan R. Cummings ◽  
Steven P. Loheide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Midwest United States ◽  
Available Water Content ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Precision Irrigation

Precision irrigation optimizes the spatiotemporal application of water using evapotranspiration (ET) maps to assess water stress or soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) maps as a proxy for plant available water content. However, ET and ECa maps are rarely used together. We developed high-resolution ET and ECa maps for six irrigated fields in the Midwest United States between 2014–2016. Our research goals were to (1) validate ET maps developed using the High-Resolution Mapping of EvapoTranspiration (HRMET) model and aerial imagery via comparison with ground observations in potato, sweet corn, and pea agroecosystems; (2) characterize relationships between ET and ECa; and (3) identify potential precision irrigation benefits across rotations. We demonstrated the synergy of combined ET and ECa mapping for evaluating whether intrafield differences in ECa correspond to actual water use for different crop rotations. We found that ET and ECa have stronger relationships in sweet corn and potato rotations than field corn. Thus, sweet corn and potato crops may benefit more from precision irrigation than field corn, even when grown rotationally on the same field. We recommend that future research consider crop rotation, intrafield soil variability, and existing irrigation practices together when determining potential water use, savings, and yield gains from precision irrigation.

scholarly journals Modeling Irrigation Requirements for Landscape Ornamentals

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Runoff Modeling ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Nursery Runoff ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Precision Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

In many sectors of agriculture, precision irrigation, applying only what water is needed for a given small area, has become a familiar term. Irrigation in most woody ornamental nurseries, though, has changed little since the 1960s. In many areas of the U.S., irrigation volumes required for nursery production have come under scrutiny due to projected, or real, competition for water with urban populations, or concerns over nursery runoff. Modeling of woody ornamental water use, and subsequent irrigation requirements, has been limited and focused mostly on trees. Previous research for modeling of non-tree water use is reviewed as an introduction to current efforts to develop models for precision irrigation of woody ornamentals. Pitfalls and limitations in current modeling efforts, along with suggestions for standardizing future research is emphasized. The latest model derived from recent research is presented.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Intelligent 3D Surface Measurement in Smart Manufacturing: Review and Outlook

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yuhang Yang ◽  
Zhiqiao Dong ◽  
Yuquan Meng ◽  
Chenhui Shao
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Surface

High-fidelity characterization and effective monitoring of spatial and spatiotemporal processes are crucial for high-performance quality control of many manufacturing processes and systems in the era of smart manufacturing. Although the recent development in measurement technologies has made it possible to acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface measurement data, it is generally expensive and time-consuming to use such technologies in real-world production settings. Data-driven approaches that stem from statistics and machine learning can potentially enable intelligent, cost-effective surface measurement and thus allow manufacturers to use high-resolution surface data for better decision-making without introducing substantial production cost induced by data acquisition. Among these methods, spatial and spatiotemporal interpolation techniques can draw inferences about unmeasured locations on a surface using the measurement of other locations, thus decreasing the measurement cost and time. However, interpolation methods are very sensitive to the availability of measurement data, and their performances largely depend on the measurement scheme or the sampling design, i.e., how to allocate measurement efforts. As such, sampling design is considered to be another important field that enables intelligent surface measurement. This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art research in interpolation and sampling design for surface measurement in varied manufacturing applications. Research gaps and future research directions are also identified and can serve as a fundamental guideline to industrial practitioners and researchers for future studies in these areas.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Water Use Mapping of Surface and Direct-Root-Zone Drip-Irrigated Grapevines Using UAS-Based Thermal and Multispectral Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Abhilash K. Chandel ◽  
Lav R. Khot ◽  
Behnaz Molaei ◽  
R. Troy Peters ◽  
Claudio O. Stöckle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Canopy Transpiration ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Site-specific irrigation management for perennial crops such as grape requires water use assessments at high spatiotemporal resolution. In this study, small unmanned-aerial-system (UAS)-based imaging was used with a modified mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) energy balance model to map water use (UASM-ET approach) of a commercial, surface, and direct-root-zone (DRZ) drip-irrigated vineyard. Four irrigation treatments, 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40%, of commercial rate (CR) were also applied, with the CR estimated using soil moisture data and a non-stressed average crop coefficient of 0.5. Fourteen campaigns were conducted in the 2018 and 2019 seasons to collect multispectral (ground sampling distance (GSD): 7 cm/pixel) and thermal imaging (GSD: 13 cm/pixel) data. Six of those campaigns were near Landsat 7/8 satellite overpass of the field site. Weather inputs were obtained from a nearby WSU-AgWeatherNet station (1 km). First, UASM-ET estimates were compared to those derived from soil water balance (SWB) and conventional Landsat-METRIC (LM) approaches. Overall, UASM-ET (2.70 ± 1.03 mm day−1 [mean ± std. dev.]) was higher than SWB-ET (1.80 ± 0.98 mm day−1). However, both estimates had a significant linear correlation (r = 0.64–0.81, p < 0.01). For the days of satellite overpass, UASM-ET was statistically similar to LM-ET, with mean absolute normalized ET departures (ETd,MAN) of 4.30% and a mean r of 0.83 (p < 0.01). The study also extracted spatial canopy transpiration (UASM-T) maps by segmenting the soil background from the UASM-ET, which had strong correlation with the estimates derived by the standard basal crop coefficient approach (Td,MAN = 14%, r = 0.95, p < 0.01). The UASM-T maps were then used to quantify water use differences in the DRZ-irrigated grapevines. Canopy transpiration (T) was statistically significant among the irrigation treatments and was highest for grapevines irrigated at 100% or 80% of the CR, followed by 60% and 40% of the CR (p < 0.01). Reference T fraction (TrF) curves established from the UASM-T maps showed a notable effect of irrigation treatment rates. The total water use of grapevines estimated using interpolated TrF curves was highest for treatments of 100% (425 and 320 mm for the 2018 and 2019 seasons, respectively), followed by 80% (420 and 317 mm), 60% (391 and 318 mm), and 40% (370 and 304 mm) of the CR. Such estimates were within 5% to 11% of the SWB-based water use calculations. The UASM-T-estimated water use was not the same as the actual amount of water applied in the two seasons, probably because DRZ-irrigated vines might have developed deeper or lateral roots to fulfill water requirements outside the irrigated soil volume. Overall, results highlight the usefulness of high-resolution imagery toward site-specific water use management of grapevines.

scholarly journals Implantable Thin Film Devices as Brain-Computer Interfaces: Recent Advances in Design and Fabrication Approaches

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Yuhao Zhou ◽  
Bowen Ji ◽  
Minghao Wang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Shuaiqi Huangfu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nano Fabrication ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
Open Mesh ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Thin Film Devices ◽  
Made In

Remarkable progress has been made in the high resolution, biocompatibility, durability and stretchability for the implantable brain-computer interface (BCI) in the last decades. Due to the inevitable damage of brain tissue caused by traditional rigid devices, the thin film devices are developing rapidly and attracting considerable attention, with continuous progress in flexible materials and non-silicon micro/nano fabrication methods. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically summarize the recent development of implantable thin film devices for acquiring brain information. This brief review subdivides the flexible thin film devices into the following four categories: planar, open-mesh, probe, and micro-wire layouts. In addition, an overview of the fabrication approaches is also presented. Traditional lithography and state-of-the-art processing methods are discussed for the key issue of high-resolution. Special substrates and interconnects are also highlighted with varied materials and fabrication routines. In conclusion, a discussion of the remaining obstacles and directions for future research is provided.

Apparent Electrical Conductivity, Soil Properties and Spatial Covariance in the U.S. Southern High Plains

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Bronson ◽  
J. D. Booker ◽  
S. J. Officer ◽  
R. J. Lascano ◽  
S. J. Maas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Spatial Covariance ◽  
Southern High Plains ◽  
Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Effect of Ploughing Techniques on Water Use and Yield of Rice in Maugo Small-Holder Irrigation Scheme, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Pius Kipchumba Cheboi ◽  
Shahida Anusha Siddiqui ◽  
Japheth Onyando ◽  
Clement Kiprotich Kiptum ◽  
Volker Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Shopping Centre ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Rice Season ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Small Holder

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of paddy rice ploughing techniques on water use and the yield of rice crop, as well as water use efficiency for rice growing in small-holder irrigation schemes. The study was conducted at a farmer’s field in Powo B sub-block of Maugo Irrigation Scheme. The period of study was from July 2019 to January 2020, which is the rice season. The experimental site was located in the vicinity of Olare Shopping Centre, Kamenya Sub-location, Kochia East Location, Kochia Ward, Rangwe Sub-County, Homa Bay County, Nyanza Region, Kenya in Maugo rice scheme in Kenya. In the study, four irrigation tillage practices were applied: ox-plough, conventional ox-plough, hand hoe and tractor ploughing. The results showed that conventional ox-ploughing consumed the highest amount of water at 1240 mm. The highest water use efficiency of 0.49 kg/m3 and highest yield of 5.7 tons/ha were observed for hand hoe ploughing. Use of the hand hoe ploughing technique increased yields by 20 percent, as compared to the conventional ox-ploughing. Therefore, the use of water for ploughing is not necessary in the study area. Future research will be needed to see how farmers are adopting the technology before scaling up to full mechanization, as partial mechanization was not profitable.

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