scholarly journals KLUM: An Urban VNIR and SWIR Spectral Library Consisting of Building Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 2149
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ilehag ◽  
Andreas Schenk ◽  
Yilin Huang ◽  
Stefan Hinz
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Spectral Libraries ◽  
Roofing Materials

Knowledge about the existing materials in urban areas has, in recent times, increased in importance. With the use of imaging spectroscopy and hyperspectral remote sensing techniques, it is possible to measure and collect the spectra of urban materials. Most spectral libraries consist of either spectra acquired indoors in a controlled lab environment or of spectra from afar using airborne systems accompanied with in situ measurements. Furthermore, most publicly available spectral libraries have, so far, not focused on facade materials but on roofing materials, roads, and pavements. In this study, we present an urban spectral library consisting of collected in situ material spectra with imaging spectroscopy techniques in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral range, with particular focus on facade materials and material variation. The spectral library consists of building materials, such as facade and roofing materials, in addition to surrounding ground material, but with a focus on facades. This novelty is beneficial to the community as there is a shift to oblique-viewed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing and thus, there is a need for new types of spectral libraries. The post-processing consists partly of an intra-set solar irradiance correction and recalculation of reference spectra caused by signal clipping. Furthermore, the clustering of the acquired spectra was performed and evaluated using spectral measures, including Spectral Angle and a modified Spectral Gradient Angle. To confirm and compare the material classes, we used samples from publicly available spectral libraries. The final material classification scheme is based on a hierarchy with subclasses, which enables a spectral library with a larger material variation and offers the possibility to perform a more refined material analysis. The analysis reveals that the color and the surface structure, texture or coating of a material plays a significantly larger role than what has been presented so far. The samples and their corresponding detailed metadata can be found in the Karlsruhe Library of Urban Materials (KLUM) archive.

scholarly journals A Modified Bare Soil Index to Identify Bare Land Features during Agricultural Fallow-Period in Southeast Asia Using Landsat 8

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Can Trong Nguyen ◽  
Amnat Chidthaisong ◽  
Phan Kieu Diem ◽  
Lian-Zhi Huo
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Fallow Period

Bare soil is a critical element in the urban landscape and plays an essential role in urban environments. Yet, the separation of bare soil and other land cover types using remote sensing techniques remains a significant challenge. There are several remote sensing-based spectral indices for barren detection, but their effectiveness varies depending on land cover patterns and climate conditions. Within this research, we introduced a modified bare soil index (MBI) using shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths derived from Landsat 8 (OLI—Operational Land Imager). The proposed bare soil index was tested in two different bare soil patterns in Thailand and Vietnam, where there are large areas of bare soil during the agricultural fallow period, obstructing the separation between bare soil and urban areas. Bare soil extracted from the MBI achieved higher overall accuracy of about 98% and a kappa coefficient over 0.96, compared to bare soil index (BSI), normalized different bare soil index (NDBaI), and dry bare soil index (DBSI). The results also revealed that MBI considerably contributes to the accuracy of land cover classification. We suggest using the MBI for bare soil detection in tropical climatic regions.

Toward CO2 and CH4 measurements by ground-based observations of surface-scattered sunlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Hemmer ◽  
Christin Proß ◽  
Stanley P. Sander ◽  
Thomas J. Pongetti ◽  
Zhao-Cheng Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Chem Phys ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Los Angeles Basin ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Extended Sources

<div> <div>Precise knowledge of sources and sinks in the carbon cycle is desired to understand its sensitivity to climate change and to account and verify man-made emissions. In this context, extended sources like urban areas play an important role. While in-situ measurements of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) are highly accurate but localized, satellites measure column-integrated concentrations over an extended footprint. The CLARS-FTS [1, 2] stationed at the Mt. Wilson observatory looking downward into the Los Angeles basin has pioneered an innovative measurement technique that fills the sensitivity gap between in-situ and satellite measurements. The technique enables mapping the urban greenhouse gas concentration fields by collecting spectra of ground scattered sunlight and scanning through the region.</div> <div> </div> <div>Here, we report on progress developing a portable setup for a CLARS-FTS-like measurement geometry. The instrument is based on the EM27/SUN FTS with a modified pointing technique and a more sensitive detector. The retrieval algorithm is based on the RemoTeC software, previously employed for solar backscatter satellite measurements. We discuss first steps in terms of instrument performance and retrieval exercises. For the latter, we have carried out simulations on how the neglect of scattering by the retrieval affects the retrieved boundary layer concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> for an ensemble of hypothetical scenes with variable complexity in aeorsol loadings and viewing geometry. We also report on a test to apply RemoTeC to a small set of CLARS-FTS spectra collected throughout the Los Angeles basin.</div> <div> </div> <div><em>References</em></div> <div>[1] Fu, D. et al., 2014: Near-infrared remote sensing of Los Angeles trace gas distributions from a mountaintop site, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 713–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-713-2014</div> [2] Wong, K. W. et al., 2015: Mapping CH4 : CO2 ratios in Los Angeles with CLARS-FTS from Mount Wilson, California, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-241-2015</div>

Near Infrared Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy to Map Paint Binders In Situ on Illuminated Manuscripts

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (23) ◽  
pp. 5607-5610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Ricciardi ◽  
John K. Delaney ◽  
Michelle Facini ◽  
Jason G. Zeibel ◽  
Marcello Picollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Illuminated Manuscripts ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Paint Binders

Towards Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Gases in the UV spectral range using Dual-Comb spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Pivard ◽  
Sandrine Galtier ◽  
Patrick Rairoux
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Frequency Comb ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Atmospheric Trace Gases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Uv Range

<p>The development of increasingly sensitive and robust instruments and new methodologies are essential to improve our understanding of the Earth’s climate and air pollution. In this context, Dual-Comb spectroscopy (DCS) appears as an emerging spectroscopy methodology to detect in situ, without air-sampling, atmospheric trace-gases.</p><p>DCS is a Fourier-transform type experiment that takes advantage of mode-locked femtosecond (fs) pulses. This methodology appears highly relevant for atmosphere remote-sensing studies because of its very fast acquisition rate (>kHz) that reduces the impact of atmospheric turbulences on the retrieved spectra. DCS has been successfully applied in near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges for atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) [1-2].</p><p>Its implementation in the UV range would offer a new spectroscopic intrumentation to target the most reactive species of the atmosphere (OH, HONO, BrO...) as they have their greatest absorption cross-sections in the UV range. UV-DCS would therefore be an answer to the lack of variability of today operationnal and in situ monitoring instrument for those reactive molecules.</p><p>We will present a potential light source for remote sensing UV-DCS and discuss the degree of immunity of UV-DCS to atmospheric turbulences. We will show to which extent the characteristics of the currently available UV sources are compatible with the unambiguous identification of UV absorbing gases by UV-DCS. We will finally present the performances of UV-DCS in terms of concentration detection limit for several UV absorbing molecules (OH, BrO, NO<sub>2</sub>, OClO, HONO, CH<sub>2</sub>O, SO<sub>2</sub>). This sensitivity study has been recently published [3] and the main results will be presented.</p><p> </p><p>[1] Rieker, G.B.; Giorgetta, F.R.; Swann, W.C.; Kofler, J.; Zolot, A.M.; Sinclair, L.C.; Baumann, E.; Cromer, C.;Petron, G.; Sweeney, C.; et al. « Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometer air Paths ». Optica 1, p. 290–298 (2014)</p><p>[2] Oudin, J.; Mohamed, A.K.; Hébert, P.J. "IPDA LIDAR measurements on atmospheric CO2 and H2O using dual comb spectroscopy," Proc. SPIE 11180, International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2018, p. 111802N (12 July 2019)</p><p>[3] Galtier, S.; Pivard, C.; Rairoux, P. Towards DCS in the UV Spectral Range for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Gases. Remote Sens., 12, p.3444 (2020)</p>

Soil exchangeable cations estimation using Vis-NIR spectroscopy in different depths: Effects of multiple calibration models and spiking 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxue Zhao ◽  
Maryem Arshad ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
John Triantafilis
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Spectral Libraries

<p>Due to high rate of nutrient removal by cotton plants, the productive cotton-growing soils of Australia is becoming depleted of exchangeable (exch.) cations. For long-term development, data on exch. calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) throughout the soil profile is required. However, traditional laboratory analysis is tedious. The visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is an alternative; whereby, spectral libraries are built which couple soil data and Vis-NIR spectra using models. While various models have been used to predict exch. cations, their performance was seldom systematically compared. Moreover, most previous studies have focused on prediction of topsoil (0–0.3 m) exch. cations while the effects of depth on applicability of topsoil spectral libraries are rarely investigated. Our first aim was to determine which model (i.e. partial least squares regression (PLSR), Cubist, random forest (RF), or support vector machine regression (SVMR)) produces the best prediction of topsoil exch. Ca, Mg, K and Na. The second aim was to evaluate if the best topsoil model can be used to predict subsurface (0.3–0.6 m) and subsoil (0.9–1.2 m) cations. The third aim was to explore the effect of spiking on the prediction in subsurface and subsoil. The fourth aim was to see if combining all depths to build a profile spectral library improved prediction. Based on independent validation, PLSR was superior for topsoil exch. cations prediction, while Cubist outperformed PLSR in some cases when spiking was applied, and the profile spectral library was considered. Topsoil PLSR could be applied to predict exch. Ca and Mg in the subsurface and subsoil, while spiking improved prediction. Moreover, a profile spectral library achieved equivalent results with when topsoil samples coupled with spiking were considered. We, therefore, recommended to predict exch. Ca and Mg throughout the profile using topsoil spectral library coupled with spiking approach.</p>

A Practical UAV Remote Sensing Methodology to Generate Multispectral Orthophotos for Vineyards

2019 ◽  
pp. 271-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Individual Bands ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Best Fit

This paper explores the use of compact digital cameras to remotely estimate spectral reflectance based on unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. Two digital cameras, one unaltered and one altered, were used to collect four bands of spectral information (blue, green, red, and near-infrared [NIR]). The altered camera had its internal hot mirror removed to allow the sensor to be additionally sensitive to NIR. Through on-ground experimentation with spectral targets and a spectroradiometer, the sensitivity and abilities of the cameras were observed. This information along with on-site collected spectral data were used to aid in converting aerial imagery digital numbers to estimates of scaled surface reflectance using the empirical line method. The resulting images were used to create spectrally-consistent orthophotomosaics of a vineyard study site. Individual bands were subsequently validated with in situ spectroradiometer data. Results show that red and NIR bands exhibited the best fit (R2: 0.78 for red; 0.57 for NIR).

Role of Satellite Technology in Oceanic Study

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-103
Author(s):  
Thomas Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Thermal Infrared ◽  
Microwave Region ◽  
Satellite Technology ◽  
The Earth

The three-fourth surface of the earth is covered with ocean. The study of the ocean is important for sustainable overall development of a nation and world at large in view of it being rich in resources and playing a crucial role in the climate of the region and changes associated with it. The space-based observations assume significance, as it provides synoptic and repetitive coverage of the ocean in contrast to the sparse and isolated in-situ buoy or ship observations. The remote sensing of the ocean with the help of satellite or satellite oceanography has many other applications also. The electromagnetic radiation in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave regions are used by the sensors on-board space platforms to measure the diverse physical, biological, and geological parameters of the ocean. Amongst the various electromagnetic regions, the microwave region plays an important role in the study of the ocean.

X-ray diffraction and infrared characterization of Oxisols from central and southeastern Brazil

Clay Minerals ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Nitzsche ◽  
J. B. Percival ◽  
J. K. Torrance ◽  
J. A. R. Stirling ◽  
J. T. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microwave Remote Sensing ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Remote Sensing Applications

AbstractEleven Oxisols with high clay contents, 2.6–59.7 wt.% Fe2O3, and containing hematite, goethite, magnetite and maghemite, from São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Goiás, Brazil, were studied for the purpose of microwave remote sensing applications in the 0.3 to 300 GHz range. Of special interest are: the pseudosand effect caused by Fe-oxide cementation of clusters of soil particles; the mineralogy; and whether the soil magnetic susceptibility affected by ferromagnetic magnetite and maghemite interferes with microwave propagation. Quantitative mineralogical analyses were conducted using X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement. Visible, near infrared and short wave infrared spectroscopic analyses were used to characterize the samples qualitatively for comparison with published spectral radiometry results. Quartz (3–88%), hematite (2–36%) and gibbsite (1–40%) occurred in all soils, whereas kaolinite (2–70%) and anatase (2–13%) occurred in nine samples. Ilmenite (1–8%) was found in eight soils and goethite (2–39%) in seven. Of the ferromagnetic minerals, maghemite occurred in seven soils (1–13%) and three contained magnetite (<2%). These results will be applied to the interpretation of the effect of Fe oxides, particularly the ferromagnetic oxides, on microwave interaction with high-Fe soils, with ultimate application to the monitoring of soil water content by microwave remote sensing.

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