scholarly journals Detection and Analysis of C-Band Radio Frequency Interference in AMSR2 Data over Land

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wu ◽  
Bo Qian ◽  
Yansong Bao ◽  
Meixin Li ◽  
George P. Petropoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Radio Frequency Interference ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
Contaminated Area

A simplified generalized radio frequency interference (RFI) detection method and principal component analysis (PCA) method are utilized to detect and attribute the sources of C-band RFI in AMSR2 L1 brightness temperature data over land during 1–16 July 2017. The results show that the consistency between the two methods provides confidence that RFI may be reliably detected using either of the methods, and the only difference is that the scope of the RFI-contaminated area identified by the former algorithm is larger in some areas than that using the latter method. Strong RFI signals at 6.925 GHz are mainly distributed in the United States, Japan, India, Brazil, and some parts of Europe; meanwhile, RFI signals at 7.3 GHz are mainly distributed in Latin America, Asia, Southern Europe, and Africa. However, no obvious 7.3 GHz RFI appears in the United States or India, indicating that the 7.3 GHz channels mitigate the effects of the C-band RFI in these regions. The RFI signals whose position does not vary with the Earth azimuth of the observations generally come from stable, continuous sources of active ground-based microwave radiation, while the RFI signals which are observed only in some directions on a kind of scanning orbit (ascending/descending) mostly arise from reflected geostationary satellite signals.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns related to total mortality and cancer mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela R. Entwistle ◽  
Donald Schweizer ◽  
Ricardo Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the association between dietary patterns, total mortality, and cancer mortality in the United States. Methods We identified the four major dietary patterns at baseline from 13,466 participants of the NHANES III cohort using principal component analysis (PCA). Dietary patterns were categorized into ‘prudent’ (fruits and vegetables), ‘western’ (red meat, sweets, pastries, oils), ‘traditional’ (red meat, legumes, potatoes, bread), and ‘fish and alcohol’. We estimated hazard ratios for total mortality, and cancer mortality using Cox regression models. Results A total of 4,963 deaths were documented after a mean follow-up of 19.59 years. Higher adherence to the ‘prudent’ pattern was associated with the lowest risk of total mortality (5th vs. 1st quintile HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.98), with evidence that all-cause mortality decreased as consumption of the pattern increased. No evidence was found that the ‘prudent’ pattern reduced cancer mortality. The ‘western’ and the ‘traditional’ patterns were associated with up to 22% and 16% increased risk for total mortality (5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11–1.34; and 5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.27, respectively), and up to 33% and 15% increased risk for cancer mortality (5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10–1.62; and 5th vs. 1st quintile HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.24, respectively). The associations between adherence to the ‘fish and alcohol’ pattern and total mortality, and cancer mortality were not statistically significant. Conclusion Higher adherence to the ‘prudent’ diet decreased the risk of all-cause mortality but did not affect cancer mortality. Greater adherence to the ‘western’ and ‘traditional’ diet increased the risk of total mortality and mortality due to cancer.

scholarly journals Onboard Radio Frequency Interference as the Origin of Inter-Satellite Biases for Microwave Humidity Sounders

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke Hans ◽  
Martin Burgdorf ◽  
Stefan A. Buehler
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Radio Frequency Interference ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Correction Scheme

Understanding the causes of inter-satellite biases in climate data records from observations of the Earth is crucial for constructing a consistent time series of the essential climate variables. In this article, we analyse the strong scan- and time-dependent biases observed for the microwave humidity sounders on board the NOAA-16 and NOAA-19 satellites. We find compelling evidence that radio frequency interference (RFI) is the cause of the biases. We also devise a correction scheme for the raw count signals for the instruments to mitigate the effect of RFI. Our results show that the RFI-corrected, recalibrated data exhibit distinctly reduced biases and provide consistent time series.

II. The United States of Lyncherdom

Prospects ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
Mark Twain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Chinese Christians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

And so Missouri has fallen, that great State! Certain of her children have joined the lynchers, and the smirch is upon the rest of us. That handful of her children have given us a character and labeled us with a name; and to the dwellers in the four quarters of the earth we are “lynchers,” now, and ever shall be. For the world will not stop and think – it never does, it is not its way; its way is to generalize from a single sample. It will not say “Those Missourians have been busy eighty years in building an honorable good name for themselves; these hundred lynchers down in the corner of the State are not real Missourians, they are bastards.” No, that truth will not enter its mind; it will generalize from the one or two misleading samples and say “The Missourians are lynchers.” It has no reflection, no logic, no sense of proportion. With it, figures go for nothing; to it, figures reveal nothing, it cannot reason upon them rationally; it is Brother J. J. infinitely multiplied; it would say, with him, that China is being swiftly and surely Christianized, since 9 Chinese Christians are being made every day; and it would fail, with him, to notice that the fact that 33,000 pagans are born there every day, damages the argument. It would J-J Missouri, and say “There are a hundred lynchers there, therefore the Missourians are lynchers;” the considerable fact that there are two and a half million Missourians who are not lynchers would not affect their verdict any more than it would affect Bro. J. J.'s.

The Neo/Bio/Colonial Hot Zone

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Lynch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Future Role ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Hot Zone

This article explores the proliferation of nonfiction narratives which warn of an impending global pandemic of African origin. Through a reading of four texts — Richard Preston's The Hot Zone, Laurie Garrett's The Coming Plague, Richard Kaplan's The Ends of the Earth, and Jeffrey Goldberg's ‘Our Africa Problem’ — the author argues that such pandemic narratives reflect unease about the United States' current and future role in Africa or other non-Western places, after a half-century of largely unsuccessful ‘development’. Second, plague tales reflect anxieties about environmental devastation in Africa and elsewhere. The article concludes that the most frightening aspect of these contemporary ‘plague tales' is the solutions they suggest to the ‘problem’ of a coming plague.

Proportionate Use

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Risse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Aspect ◽  
Collective Ownership ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Adverse Possession ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between immigration and collective ownership of the earth, and whether the physical aspect of immigration provides constraints on immigration policy. The fact that the earth is originally collectively owned must affect how communities can regulate access to what they occupy. The chapter first considers an account of relative over- and underuse of original resources before discussing illegal immigration in the United States, using a parallel to the civil law notion of “adverse possession” to argue that, under certain conditions, illegal immigration is morally unobjectionable. It then formulates conditions under which it would be reasonable for co-owners to refrain from entering certain regions, even though they would violate no duties of justice by doing so. This proposal is part of the overall approach to global justice that pluralist internationalism develops.

The Unconstructable Earth

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Frédéric Neyrat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The United States ◽  
John Muir ◽  
The Earth ◽  
James Lovelock ◽  
Gaia Theory

In chapter 13 Neyrat summarizes a variety of conceptions of of the Earth conceived from various actors, from the early founding thinkers of the environmental and ecology movements in the United States such as Aldo Lepold and John Muir to more recent scientific conceptions of the Earth as a cybernetic living organism proposed by the celebrated scientist James Lovelock and his Gaia theory or Carolyn Merchant’s conception that each part of the ecosystem contributes to the health of the entire ecosystem as a whole. Neyrat goes on to show that what he terms minoritarian discourses refuse to consider the Earth as something that is mechanical in any way and that it is a living organism in its own right. These minoritarian discourses are in complete contrast to the variety of geo-constructivist discourses that today see the Earth as something technologically manageable.

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