scholarly journals Coastal Ecosystem Investigations with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and Bottom Reflectance: Lake Superior Reef Threatened by Migrating Tailings

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Charles Kerfoot ◽  
Martin M. Hobmeier ◽  
Sarah A. Green ◽  
Foad Yousef ◽  
Colin N. Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Trout ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Commercial Catch ◽  
Sand Encroachment ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Stamp Sand

Where light penetration is excellent, the combination of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and passive bottom reflectance (multispectral, hyperspectral) greatly aids environmental studies. Over a century ago, two stamp mills (Mohawk and Wolverine) released 22.7 million metric tons of copper-rich tailings into Grand Traverse Bay (Lake Superior). The tailings are crushed basalt, with low albedo and spectral signatures different from natural bedrock (Jacobsville Sandstone) and bedrock-derived quartz sands. Multiple Lidar (CHARTS and CZMIL) over-flights between 2008–2016—complemented by ground-truth (Ponar sediment sampling, ROV photography) and passive bottom reflectance studies (3-band NAIP; 13-band Sentinal-2 orbital satellite; 48 and 288-band CASI)—clarified shoreline and underwater details of tailings migrations. Underwater, the tailings are moving onto Buffalo Reef, a major breeding site important for commercial and recreational lake trout and lake whitefish production (32% of the commercial catch in Keweenaw Bay, 22% in southern Lake Superior). If nothing is done, LiDAR-assisted hydrodynamic modeling predicts 60% tailings cover of Buffalo Reef within 10 years. Bottom reflectance studies confirmed stamp sand encroachment into cobble beds in shallow (0-5m) water but had difficulties in deeper waters (>8 m). Two substrate end-members (sand particles) showed extensive mixing but were handled by CASI hyperspectral imaging. Bottom reflectance studies suggested 25-35% tailings cover of Buffalo Reef, comparable to estimates from independent counts of mixed sand particles (ca. 35% cover of Buffalo Reef by >20% stamp sand mixtures).

scholarly journals Lidar (light detection and ranging) and benthic invertebrate investigations: Migrating tailings threaten Buffalo Reef in Lake Superior

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Charles Kerfoot ◽  
Martin M. Hobmeier ◽  
Robert Regis ◽  
Varsha K. Raman ◽  
Colin N. Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Superior ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Light Detection

scholarly journals Coastal Remote Sensing: Merging Physical, Chemical, and Biological Data as Tailings Drift onto Buffalo Reef, Lake Superior

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2434
Author(s):  
W. Charles Kerfoot ◽  
Martin M. Hobmeier ◽  
Gary Swain ◽  
Robert Regis ◽  
Varsha K. Raman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Commercial Catch ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Physical Chemical

On the Keweenaw Peninsula of Lake Superior, two stamp mills (Mohawk and Wolverine) discharged 22.7 million metric tonnes (MMT) of tailings (1901–1932) into the coastal zone off the town of Gay. Migrating along the shoreline, ca. 10 MMT of the tailings dammed stream and river outlets, encroached upon wetlands, and contaminated recreational beaches. A nearly equal amount of tailings moved across bay benthic environments into critical commercial fish spawning and rearing grounds. In the middle of the bay, Buffalo Reef is important for commercial and recreational lake trout and lake whitefish production (ca. 32% of the commercial catch in Keweenaw Bay, 22% along southern Lake Superior). Aerial photographs (1938–2016) and five LiDAR and multispectral over-flights (2008–2016) emphasize: (1) the enormous amounts of tailings moving along the beach; and (2) the bathymetric complexities of an equal amount migrating underwater across the shelf. However, remote sensing studies encounter numerous specific challenges in coastal environments. Here, we utilize a combination of elevation data (LiDAR digital elevation/bathymetry models) and in situ studies to generate a series of physical, chemical, and biological geospatial maps. The maps are designed to help assess the impacts of historical mining on Buffalo Reef. Underwater, sand mixtures have complicated multispectral bottom reflectance substrate classifications. An alternative approach, in situ simple particle classification, keying off distinct sand end members: (1) allows calculation of tailings (stamp sand) percentages; (2) aids indirect and direct assays of copper concentrations; and (3) permits determinations of density effects on benthic macro-invertebrates. The geospatial mapping shows how tailings are moving onto Buffalo Reef, the copper concentrations associated with the tailings, and how both strongly influence the density of benthic communities, providing an excellent example for the International Maritime Organization on how mining may influence coastal reefs. We demonstrate that when large amounts of mine tailings are discharged into coastal environments, temporal and spatial impacts are progressive, and strongly influence resident organisms. Next steps are to utilize a combination of hi-resolution LiDAR and sonar surveys, a fish-monitoring array, and neural network analysis to characterize the geometry of cobble fields where fish are successful or unsuccessful at producing young.

scholarly journals Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and multispectral studies of disturbed Lake Superior coastal environments

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Charles Kerfoot ◽  
Foad Yousef ◽  
Sarah A. Green ◽  
Robert Regis ◽  
Robert Shuchman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Superior ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Light Detection

Declining Survival of Lake Trout Stocked during 1963–1986 in U.S. Waters of Lake Superior

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hansen ◽  
Mark P. Ebener ◽  
Richard G. Schorfhaar ◽  
Stephen T. Schram ◽  
Donald R. Schreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Trout ◽  
Lake Superior

scholarly journals Using Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) to Characterize Forest Stand Condition on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Erik Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Kenai Peninsula

Abstract Airborne laser scanning (also known as light detection and ranging or LIDAR) data were used to estimate three fundamental forest stand condition classes (forest stand size, land cover type, and canopy closure) at 32 Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) plots distributed over the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska. Individual tree crown segment attributes (height, area, and species type) were derived from the three-dimensional LIDAR point cloud, LIDAR-based canopy height models, and LIDAR return intensity information. The LIDAR-based crown segment and canopy cover information was then used to estimate condition classes at each 10-m grid cell on a 300 × 300-m area surrounding each FIA plot. A quantitative comparison of the LIDAR- and field-based condition classifications at the subplot centers indicates that LIDAR has potential as a useful sampling tool in an operational forest inventory program.

Precision and shortcomings of yaw error estimation using spinner-based light detection and ranging

Wind Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knud A. Kragh ◽  
Morten H. Hansen ◽  
Torben Mikkelsen
Keyword(s):  
Error Estimation ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Light Detection

Hybrid Integrated Silicon NitridePolymer Optical Phased Array for Efficient Light Detection and Ranging

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Chul-Soon Im ◽  
Sung-Moon Kim ◽  
Kyeong-Pyo Lee ◽  
Seong-Hyeon Ju ◽  
Jung-Ho Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phased Array ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Optical Phased Array

Dynamics and Exploitation of Mature Walleyes, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum, in the Nipigon Bay Region of Lake Superior

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Lake Trout ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Trout Fishery ◽  
Hexagenia Limbata

Walleye stocks in Nipigon Bay of Lake Superior were homogeneous with those in tributary inland waters but were discrete from Black Bay stocks. Returns from 2200 tagged walleyes in Lake Superior and tributary inland waters between 1955 and 1958 varied from 7.8 to 31.0% for 2 years after release. The commercial fishery in Lake Superior recovered 64.9% of the tags, the sports fishery in inland waters captured 27.6%. Fish tagged in the Nipigon River travelled a mean distance of 11.8 miles from the point of release and were recovered in 191 days (average). Total mortality rates for Nipigon Bay walleyes were 55.0% (1955–57). Mature walleyes on the spawning grounds in the Nipigon River in 1957 were estimated at 22,000, and fish in Nipigon Bay over 14 inches (total length) the same year at 41,000. All male walleyes were mature at 15 inches and females at 18 inches. Walleyes exploitation rates increased with the decline of the lake trout fishery. Wounding and scarring rates by sea lampreys increased during 1955–57 but never exceeded 1.0% on adult walleyes. Severe pollution on the west side of Nipigon Bay originated from a kraft mill. High concentrations of total solids and dense sedimentation of wood fibres created an environment unfavourable to Hexagenia limbata and Pontoporeia affinis. The recent elimination of the walleye fishery in Nipigon Bay is most likely attributable to industrial pollution rather than to overexploitation or sea lamprey predation.

Hardware-in-the-loop projector system for light detection and ranging sensor testing

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 083609-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajin J. Kim ◽  
Charles B. Naumann ◽  
Michael C. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Light Detection
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