scholarly journals Estimating the Generation of Garden Waste in England and the Differences between Rural and Urban Areas

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eades ◽  
Sigrid Kusch-Brandt ◽  
Sonia Heaven ◽  
Charles J. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Garden Waste

Garden waste arising from private households represents a major component of the biodegradable municipal waste stream. To design effective waste valorisation schemes, detailed information about garden waste is a prerequisite. While the biochemical composition of this material is well documented, there is a lack of knowledge regarding both the quantities arising, and quantities entering the services operated by waste management authorities. This work studied the quantities of garden waste arisings at urban and rural households along with the disposal methods used. A door-to-door interview survey, an analysis of kerbside collections of garden waste, and an assessment of materials brought by citizens to a waste recycling site were carried out in Hampshire, UK. If extrapolated nationally, the results indicate that households in England produce an average of 0.79 kg of garden waste per day, or 288 kg per year. On a per capita basis, this corresponds to an annual arising of 120 kg per person, out of which around 70% enters the collection schemes of the waste management authorities. The quantity generated by rural and urban households differed substantially, with rural households producing 1.96 ± 1.35 kg per day and urban households 0.64 ± 0.46 kg per day. Rural households adopted self-sufficient methods of garden waste management such as home composting or backyard burning to a much greater extent compared with urban households. Less than half of the generated rural garden waste entered services operated by the waste collection authorities, while urban households strongly relied on these services. A detailed breakdown of the disposal routes chosen by urban and rural householders can support authorities in tailoring more effective waste management schemes.

scholarly journals Bushmeat consumption among rural and urban children from Province Orientale, Democratic Republic of Congo

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie van Vliet ◽  
Casimir Nebesse ◽  
Robert Nasi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Wild Meat ◽  
Domestic Sources

AbstractUnderstanding the importance of bushmeat consumption for household nutrition, both in rural and urban settings, is critical to developing politically acceptable ways to reduce unsustainable exploitation. This study provides insights into bushmeat consumption patterns relative to the consumption of other meat (from the wild, such as fish and caterpillars, or from domestic sources, such as beef, chicken, pork, goat and mutton) among children from Province Orientale, Democratic Republic of Congo. Our results show that urban and rural households consume more meat from the wild than from domestic sources. Of the various types of wild meat, bushmeat and fish are the most frequently consumed by children from Kisangani and fish is the most frequently consumed in villages. Poorer urban households eat meat less frequently but consume bushmeat more frequently than wealthier households. In urban areas poorer households consume common bushmeat species more frequently and wealthier households eat meat from larger, threatened species more frequently. Urban children eat more bushmeat from larger species (duiker Cephalophus spp. and red river hog Potamochoerus porcus) than rural children (rodents, small monkeys), probably because rural households tend to consume the less marketable species or the smaller animals. We show that despite the tendency towards more urbanized population profiles and increased livelihood opportunities away from forest and farms, wildlife harvest remains a critical component of nutritional security and diversity in both rural and urban areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON THE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTES IN CHO MOI DISTRICT, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Thanh Giao Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Domestic Solid Waste

The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of generation and composition of domestic solid waste in Cho Moi town, Cho Moi district, An Giang province, Vietnam. The current status of generation and composition of solid waste was evaluated through the placement of garbage bags in households in rural and urban areas. Current management status was assessed by direct interviews with the households. The research results showed that the solid waste generated in the rural and urban areas of the whole town was about 8.5 tons/day, the collection rate was only 60.5% of the total solid wastes generated. The average amount of waste generated in rural areas was 0.31 kg/person/day and in urban areas was 0.44 kg/person/day. In the composition of classified domestic solid wastes, the organic composition in rural areas was slightly higher (82.3%) than that in urban areas (80.6%). The proportion of nylon in urban areas (10.1%) was higher than that in rural areas (6.78%). The remaining compositions had a low percentage, ranging from 0.04-7%. The interview results showed that only 70% of the respondents agreed to place their garbage in the waste bins for the collection while 30% of the respondents chose to burn or directly release the wastes into the environments. The behaviours of the respondents showed that people's awareness of the importance of domestic solid waste management was not high. Domestic solid waste management still faces many difficulties because the Cho Moi district does not have an infrastructure to ensure efficient treatment of domestic solid waste. Raising the community’s awareness and investment in solid waste management are urgently needed to keep a clean environment.

scholarly journals Attitudes and Factors Associated With Occurrence of Gender-Based Violence in Rural and Urban Households in Ibadan

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Adegbite Motunrade Betty
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Favourable Attitude ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is the resultant of gender-related power inequalities at both public and private spheres. GBV occurrence in rural and urban areas of Ibadan is the focus of this study. The study evaluated the attitude and factors associated with GBV occurrence among rural and urban households in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected from 200 respondents in Ibadan using interview schedule and structured questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency counts and percentages) and inferential statistics (PPMC and Regression analysis) were used to analyse the data collected. Many of the respondents (53.3%) had a favourable attitude against GBV. Household size (β = 0.204), attitude against GBV (β = -0.394), family influence (β = 0.287), superiority complex (β = 0.633) and substance abuse (β = 0.347) were factors associated with the rate of GBV occurrence. Despite the favourable attitude of people against GBV, the menace is still prevalent in the society. The general public needs enlightenment on the jeopardy associated with GBV. It is therefore recommended that suitable strategies like social media advocacy and entertainment education be put in place to enlighten the populace on the magnitudes of GBV occurrence so as to abate it among inhabitants.

The Rural–Urban Dichotomy Effects of Social Grants on Sustainable Poverty Alleviation in Polokwane Local Municipality, South Africa

Social Change ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-420
Author(s):  
E.M. Mutyenyoka ◽  
J.P. Tsheola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Social Grants ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

The scope of this contribution was to interrogate the alleged rural–urban dichotomy effects of social grants on sustainable poverty alleviation. One major problem that has marked previous comparative studies in this area is that there is no universally agreed definition of ‘urban’ or ‘rural’. Their inherent contrasts are critical to the applicability and effects of concerted interventions due to the diversity of actors, agendas, underlying intentions and so on. This contribution was anchored in the belief that socio-economic narratives were intrinsically distributed among rural and urban households as well as societies and so, too, were the effects of intervention strategies. The study, by focusing on Polokwane Local Municipality has argued that social grants have dichotomous and differential effects as a strategy for poverty amelioration in rural and urban settings. The paper has engaged on a scholarship synthesis of characteristics and contexts of the rural–urban dichotomy, types of social grants and dimensions of poverty in rural and urban areas. In our conclusion, we consolidated recommendations revolving around the enhancement of the rural–urban effects of social grants so as to optimise sustainable poverty alleviation across space.

scholarly journals Population Access to Waste Collection Services :Urban vs Rural Areas in Romania

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Constantin MIHAI
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Thematic Cartography

This paper aims a comparative analysis at county level concerning urban and rural population access to sanitation services in the context of  EU accession. Partially coverage of population  to such services contributes to illegal dumping  of waste  generated and uncollected.Furthermore, waste management facilities are inappropriate, particularly in small cities or rural areas. Comparative analysis of  urban vs. rural population served by waste collection services using thematic cartography highlights on the one hand the existing disparities within a county and on the other hand reflects the regional disparities across  Romania.The demographic, socioeconomic and geographic differentiations between urban and rural areas amplify these gaps that prevent from implementation of an effective  waste management system at national scale.Thematic maps highlights that urban population is not fully covered by sanitation services while in rural areas less than half of population has access to these services.Also,in some counties, vulnerability to illegal dumping is high in both rural and urban areas.

PREDICTION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE DISPOSALS FROM RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN MALAYSIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norazli Othman ◽  
Roslina Mohammad ◽  
Samira Albati Kamaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Disposal Option

The most fundamental element in planning electronic waste management is to acquire reliable data on the total volume of electronic waste generated from various sources such as residential premises, commercial buildings and industrial areas. Hence, a crucial aspect of electronic waste management is to predict the accumulation of electronic wastes in the future.  This study aims to predict electronic waste to be disposed of for the next 15 years, focusing only on electronic waste from residential areas. A few rural and urban areas of residential premises were randomly selected as a case study. The result for this study was deduced from the survey and interviews conducted in the vicinity of the study area. Thirty sets of questionnaire were distributed randomly at each selected area. The residential area was divided into three categories i.e. residents with low income (LI), residents with medium income (MI) and residents with high income (HI). The survey was done by distributing the questionnaire to investigate electronic equipment usage and its lifespan by users as well as the waste management option preferred by the residents. The findings of the study showed that approximately 51% of the generated electronic waste will go through four stages of waste management options i.e. reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling, while approximately 49% of the generated electronic waste will go through the disposal option i.e. landfill sites. The result of the study showed that the predicted lifespan for the electronic equipment used by residents in Malaysia is between the ranges of 0-15 years. On average, as much as 5% of used home electronic equipment will be disposed of after 6 years of usage, 41% after 9 years and 3% after 12 years. From the study, the information regarding the percentage of electronic waste that will be reused, repaired, remanufactured, recycled and disposed of for the next 15 years can be gained and is presented via scientific analysis.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Technology for Solid Waste Management in IoT-Enabled Smart City

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Control Room ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

The issues related to the solid and solvable waste generation and its management has become a serious concern in both the rural and urban areas, as there is a lot of migration of people from rural area to urban area which had leads the population of that area increased to few folds. Due to large human population, the solid waste had also increased and thus the management of this solid waste is now a major challenge. Nowadays Internet of Things (IOT) has evolved as a promising Technology to solve the issues of solid waste management in smart city. IOT consist of Smart devices viz. Sensors, Global System for Modulation (GSM) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology which are incorporated in the atmosphere to monitor and collect information. In our work we have implemented the efficient technology for solid waste management in IOT environment. IOT enabled waste bin monitoring and its location to transportation department through web link is provided for information in the Control room. The solid waste is then recycled at recycling centers and updates of this recycled material (compost) is sent to control room so we used it as fertilizer for soil.

scholarly journals Analysis of Green and Non-green Energy Poverty among Rural and Urban Households in Oyo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
O. A. Ajetunmobi ◽  
J. O. Oladeebo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

In rural and urban areas of Nigeria where alternative fuels were available, shift away from domestic wood fuel use were not taking place on a very large scale. The urban dwellers that normally use kerosene and gas were now systematically shifting to using charcoals. If energy situation should continue this way, economic growth and human development will be hampered in Oyo State. This study therefore, analysed the green and non-green energy poverty among rural and urban households in Oyo State of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select samples of two hundred and forty (240) respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire. The result showed that the mean age of all the respondents was 49.3 years while 66% of them were women. The average household size was 5 and 39% of the respondents attended tertiary institutions. Their primary occupation was farming (57%). The major energy sources available to the respondents were kerosene and charcoal (54%). The energy expenditure approach result showed that, 55% of the rural respondents were energy non-poor, 58% of the respondents in the urban areas were energy poor. The relative measure of energy poverty result revealed that 70.8% of all the respondents were energy poor. The logistic regression results showed that household size (p≤0.01), education (p≤0.01), expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were variables which positively determined energy poverty of the rural households; age (p≤0.01), household size (p≤0.01), education (p≤0.01) and expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were positive significant variables which determined energy poverty of the urban households and household size (p≤0.01), expenditure on food (p≤0.01) were positive significant variables that determined energy poverty of the pooled data. In conclusion, there should be an awareness, affordable prices of various energy types, advancement in technology, maintenance practices and revitalization of energy projects in the study area.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception toward Hazardous Medical Waste Produced at Home in a Coastal City of Karnataka, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajna Narayan ◽  
Ankeeta Menona Jacob ◽  
Pranav Shetty ◽  
Preethika Singh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Biomedical Waste ◽  
Healthcare Waste ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
At Home

Abstract Introduction Hazardous healthcare waste produced at home contributes to approximately 0.5% of biomedical waste, and although potentially infectious, is often discarded with other domestic wastes. The study aimed to quantify and compare types and patterns of biomedical waste generated in homes and to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding biomedical waste among selected urban and rural households in the coastal area of Mangalore city in Karnataka. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in households consisting of rural and urban field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital in coastal Karnataka from November 2017 to February 2018. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding healthcare waste generated at home was assessed. Qualitative variables of the waste segregation practice, types of biomedical waste, the knowledge, perception, and attitude to practices regarding biomedical waste were expressed in percentages proportions and analyzed using SPSS v.20. Results Baby diapers were the most common hazardous waste. The number of baby diapers produced daily in rural and urban areas was 32 (42.7%) and 64 (85.3%), respectively. The urban households had better knowledge of possible hazardous healthcare waste at home, 28 (37.33%) compared with 7 (9.3%) in rural households. Seventy-one (94.7%) urban and 49 (65.3%) rural households had a favorable attitude toward the disposal of hazardous domestic biomedical waste. Conclusion The knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding hazardous healthcare waste produced at the household level were better among urban households compared with rural households.

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