scholarly journals Islam in the Syrian War: Spotting the Various Dimensions of Religion in Conflict

Religions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Maximilian Lakitsch
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Motivational Aspect ◽  
Sunni Islam ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Determining Factor

Religion has been a determining factor in the recent Syrian war since its beginnings, as a prominent identity marker as well as a motivational aspect on the path of jihad. This paper seeks to contribute to a more thorough understanding of the conflict dynamics in Syria by adequately describing the role of religion in the war. Its comprehensive approach takes into account various ontological manifestations of religion: as an identity, a discourse, in its doctrinal aspect as a set of teachings, and in its significance for the individual believer. In doing so, the paper will focus on Sunni Islam as the focal point of the most crucial intersections of religion and conflict in Syria. Finally, religion will be described as a resource for reconciliation in Syria.

Religion, Reconciliation, and Modern Society: The Shifting Conclusions of Hegel'sLectures on the Philosophy of Religion

2013 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Status ◽  
Religious Reasons ◽  
Role Of Religion

G. W. F. Hegel's greatest contributions regarding religion and politics stem from his abiding concern with social cohesion. While Hegel was interested in now classic questions regarding the role of religion in government, the focal point of his engagement with religion and politics lay in his view of religion's role in binding together a complex society in which a more traditional social order had been fragmented by interrelated economic, social, political, and intellectual transformations. He was less concerned with the role of religious reasons and language in policy debates or elections than with politics in a broader sense—specifically, the way that religion enables the population as a whole to identify with the society's defining social and political institutions, including the family, the economic order, and other legal institutions. In this image, religion reconciles the population with the existing practices and institutions. Without significant degrees of such identification and reconciliation, even the best of laws will be insufficient to sustain a polity. Though reconciliation is one of Hegel's principal terms for this relationship, it in no sense implies “making do,” settling for, or simply accepting the status quo because it happens to exist. Rather, he is ultimately concerned with religion's ability—or inability—to enable us to find ourselves at home in a just and rational social order that promotes freedom.

scholarly journals Hybridity and Linguistic Pluralism: A Pragmatic Analysis of University Academic Discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol III (III) ◽  
pp. 447-465
Author(s):  
Nazakat ◽  
Muhammad Safeer Awan
Keyword(s):  
Academic Language ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Home Language ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pragmatic Knowledge ◽  
Determining Factor

The language used in academic texts and pedagogy is referred as academic discourse. Being student and teacher, the researchers observed that mixing of home language with academic language was a common practice in many institutions. Some linguists appreciate it, while others resist it by claiming it detrimental to objectivity and neutrality. Chiang (2006) finds role of teacher’s discourse a determining factor in pedagogy. Current study was conducted to observe the phenomenon of hybridization in academic discourse and to assess it in the light of pragmatics. Pragmatic analysis is known as a useful method to infer covert and implicit meanings of language (Savignon, 2007) and the researchers deemed it appropriate for current research. The pragmatic analysis could provide a newer outlook on academic discourse. Data was collected through observation sheet from the classes. Questionnaire was also used to get relevant data from teachers. The findings revealed that teachers often relied on cultural and ideological underpinnings in their pedagogy. The individual conversational styles were also responsible for different mode of hybridization and subsequently reinforced diverse facet of discourse different in pragmatic nature. The data was first analyzed for hybridization followed by its pragmatic analysis. The study was important in the backdrop of one of many beliefs, that meaning never remains fixed and it resides in socio-cultural structures and lack of pragmatic knowledge among interlocutors impedes semantic proficiency. The study revealed utility of pragmatic competence in turning this mixing of discourses in a class into a continuum. It also found that knowledge of academic pragmatics could reinforce semantic proficiency.

The Role of Behavioral Economics in Providing Sustainable Demand for Eco-Friendly Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Vladyslav Lazarenko ◽  
◽  
Roman Hulinchuk ◽  
Oleksandr Botsula ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Neoclassical Economic ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Motivational Aspect ◽  
Neoclassical Economic Theory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree

Behavioral economics theory, generated by a change in the established stereotypes of thinking of classical economists, examines processes and phenomena, taking into account psychological factors related to the processes of making irrational decisions by individuals. The purpose of the article is to determine the place and role of the behavioral economics theory in the formation of demand for eco-friendly food products, taking into account physiological primary and environmental needs and other cognitive factors that directly impact consumer behavior in a competitive market. The high degree of influence of irrational factors that are not under the control of the individual on the efficiency of the functioning of a business entity in the markets was revealed. The neoclassical economic and behavioral approaches were compared, and the shortcomings of the neoclassical economic theory and the problems that cannot be solved in practice by the neoclassical approach were identified. But these problems can be solved by using the behavioral approach. It was determined that one of the main economic components in environmentally oriented agriculture is the pricing process, or rather the impossibility of determining a reasonable price for food products. This aspect requires an assessment of rational economic indicators and consumers' level of readiness and ability to respond to changes in market conditions. Motivation significantly influences the choice of consumers in the markets. So, this study reveals the issues of the general motivational theory as part of the behavioral economics theory. Based on the assessment of the motivational aspect, the structural-logical motivational model of behavioral economics in ecologically oriented agriculture was formed; it includes cultural, economic, socio-informational factors.

scholarly journals Features of professional self-determination in various types of families (on the material of dynasties)

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. Shamanin ◽  
Vitaliy Ye. Lapshin
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Lag Effect ◽  
The Family ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Determining Factor

This article addresses the problem of determining the professional self-determination of younger family members. The article provides an analysis of the views of researchers on the role of the family in the professional development of an individual. The article deals with the problems of professional self-determination in dynastic and non-dynastic families. The question arises, whether the family is a support for its younger members on the basis of which, successful formation of professional qualities of the individual takes place, or the family may produce a "lag effect", ignoring inclinations, flairs and interests of the child. The study allows the authors to conclude that there is a transgenerative transference in the professional self-determination of the individual. The authors suggest that transgenerative transference is the main determining factor of professional self-determination in dynastic families, determining the choice of a profession by younger members of a dynastic family. It has been suggested that transformational phenomena occur in the process of professional self-determination of younger family members according to the types "inversion" (inversion), "hypertrophy" (amplification) and "deformation (distortion)".

scholarly journals The growth of Protestantism in Brazil and its impact on male earnings, 1970-2000

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E Potter ◽  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Robert D. Woodberry
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
White Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Role Of Religion

Protestantism has expanded rapidly in Brazil in recent decades. The question we tackle in this paper is whether Protestantism has had a positive influence on male earnings in this setting, either through its influence on health and productivity, by way of social networks or employer favor and reduced discrimination, or through other mechanisms. We tackle the problem of the selectivity of religious conversion and affiliation using microdata from the Brazilian censuses of 1970, 1980, 1991, and 2000, and analyzing the association between Protestantism and earnings at the group rather than the individual level. Our results show a strong association between the proportion of Protestants in a region, and the earnings of men in one educational group: those with less than five years of education. Upon introducing race into our models, we found that the association between religion and the earnings of less educated men is concentrated in regions in which there is a substantial non-white population. The relationships we have uncovered contribute to the literature on racial inequality and discrimination in Brazil, which to date has given little space to the role of religion in moderating the pernicious effect of race on economic outcomes in Brazil. The substantial association we found between religion and earnings contrasts with much of the research that has been carried out on the influence of religion on earnings in the United States.

scholarly journals The trauma of condemnation and the embellishment of an illegitimate child as a source of regeneration in Lizzie Leigh and Ruth

Ars Aeterna ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Taher Badinjki
Keyword(s):  
Social Value ◽  
Illegitimate Child ◽  
Traditional Taxonomy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moral Attitudes ◽  
Role Of Religion

Abstract This paper focuses on Mrs Gaskell’s treatment of the erring girl in Lizzie Leigh (1850) and Ruth (1853) and the new elements that she introduces which brand the treatment as different. Contrary to her Victorian contemporaries, Mrs Gaskell stresses the role of religion, the use of biblical quotations on the treatment of the sinner, and the role of motherhood. The paper also shows how Mrs Gaskell makes the illegitimate child an incentive towards repentance and hope of reclamation. Through her motherly love and devotion to her child, a mother rises and grows in character and faith. Moreover, the paper demonstrates Mrs Gaskell’s condemnation of the falsity of the traditional taxonomy of “illegitimate” or “fallen”, and her assertion that social value lies in the inherent properties within the individual. It also highlights how she makes forgiveness for the sinner a duty which society has to fulfil, and maintains that if the charitable and the kind are forced “to lie” because of the existing social and moral attitudes, then it is imperative that they should be changed so that “lies” are unnecessary. It concludes by investigating the stormy reception and the controversy it created among readers.

scholarly journals Van Tongeren (2020) - Face to Face with Death: The Role of Religion in Coping with Suffering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl R. Van Tongeren
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Existential Psychology ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The World ◽  
Role Of Religion

Human suffering is a focal point of religion, yet it also poses a problem for many religions: how could a loving God or sacred deity allow evil into the world and pain to torment humanity? Suffering is an existential concern that often erodes meaning, results in cracks in people’s fundamental assumptions about the world, and leaves people prone to existential anxiety. Moreover, suffering also makes threats of death unavoidable or undeniable—they must be directly confronted. In this chapter, I review the existential function of religion, discuss how the nature and content of religious beliefs play a role in how people manage the threats of death created by suffering, and consider how religious responses to death include fighting, freezing, fleeing, and flourishing. I conclude by discussing future areas of research to advance the scientific study of religion through the perspective of existential psychology.

scholarly journals The Relevance of the Centrality and Content of Religiosity for Explaining Islamophobia in Switzerland

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Yendell ◽  
Stefan Huber
Keyword(s):  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
Abrahamic Religions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Role Of Religion

Research on Islamophobia in Switzerland, and on the role of religiosity in relation to Islamophobia, is in its infancy. Against this background, we analyzed data from an online survey conducted in Switzerland on “Xenosophia and Xenophobia in and between Abrahamic religions”. The results of a multivariate analysis revealed that, besides right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and political orientation, indicators related to religion play a crucial role. We found that the greater the role of religion, and the more central it is for the individual, the more likely it is that the individual has a positive view of Islam. We claim that a person’s level of religiosity is accompanied by her adoption of religious values, such as neighbourliness and tolerance, and that the more religious individuals are, the more likely they are occupied with different religions, which leads to tolerance as long as it is not accompanied by a fundamentalist religious orientation. Also relevant is that the preference for the state to have a secularized relationship with religion is accompanied by a fear of Islam. We propose that studies on Islamophobia, as well as on other prejudices, should use differentiated measures for religiosity; the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) turned out to be a reliable instrument of measurement in this regard.

Operationalizing Human Agency in World-Earth System Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona M. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Earth System Models

<p>The role of humans significantly altering natural systems is undisputed and human influence has been the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century. If components of the Earth System are pushed beyond critical states, further large-scale impacts on human and ecological systems are likely. However, In the Anthropocene, humans are also seen as a force able to facilitate a global sustainability transformation. In other words, the individual becomes a focal point and, applying its inherent human agency, understood as the ability to shape life circumstances, opens up an analytical level incorporating choices and future action plans. The paper systematically reviews approaches that are relevant for operationalizing human agency in global human-environmental interaction models. The key aspects include representing inequalities in the resource and energy that are used to support lifestyles of different social groups, developing a hierarchical networked representation of social structure layers and rules for agent operation at the different levels, and finally building feedback and learning mechanisms that are used by agents to respond to changing environmental conditions and the behaviour of other agents.</p>

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