scholarly journals Sacred and Profane: Tabooing in Russian Magical Manuscripts of the 17th–18th Centuries (Incantations and Herbals)

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Aleksandra B. Ippolitova
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Sacred And Profane ◽  
Religious Reasons ◽  
Secret Knowledge

Linguistic taboos (euphemisms, omissions, and other) are an essential part of Slavic verbal and written culture. In this article, we analyze cryptography as a form of tabooing in the magical texts of the grassroots manuscript tradition of the 17th and 18th centuries (handwritten incantations and herbals). Our main objective is trying to see a system behind separate examples and define which kinds of texts are usually tabooed in incantations and herbals, their topics, and messages. We have managed to find out that the function of keeping secrecy is not relevant for the magical tradition; rather, encryption was used to emphasize the elements that are of special importance. In the book of incantations called the Olonets Codex, dating back to the 17th century, ciphering was used for the names and titles of sacred and demonological characters, antagonists, descriptions of certain rituals, closing phrases for the incantations (amen, “key”), etc. We hypothesize that the encryption is used in the Olonets Codex as a means of retaining the magical strength of all the texts in the manuscripts, protecting from hostile beings, sacralizing where necessary, tabooing what was considered sinful for religious reasons, accentuating the main meanings of the incantations, etc. In the herbals, cryptography is basically used for tabooing of “sinful” or trappy topics (love magic, magic used against courts and authorities, some contexts concerning sorcery, jinx, and “secret” knowledge), and in the texts that had to bear sacral meaning (incantations and prayers).

The Birth of a Successful Prayer Book

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-294
Author(s):  
Hiba Abid
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Manuscript Transmission ◽  
Essential Questions ◽  
Central South

Abstract The vast project to reconstruct a history and geography of the spread of the Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt necessarily involves looking into the beginnings of the prayerbook’s manuscript transmission. Composed in Morocco before 869/1465, the prayerbook was already known in the Eastern Maghreb from the mid-11th/17th century. It then reached Turkey and the rest of the Mashriq. After that it found its way to Central, South and Southeast Asia. Returning to the core of the book’s diffusion, this article questions the existence of an autograph copy of Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt. How was the manuscript tradition of one of the most copied religious books in pre-modern times established? This article also poses essential questions about the work of the actors (copyists, illuminators) responsible for the diffusion of the book in its early days.

In the shade of the gymnasium. Lutheran scholarship in Leszno in the 17th century

2019 ◽  
Vol X (2 (27)) ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
Kamila Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
German Language ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Religious Reasons ◽  
German Universities

Apart from the Czech Brethren, the Lutherans were another large religious group in the 17th-century Leszno. They came to Leszno in 1628 from nearby Silesia, mainly from Góra. They formed an organized community using the German language, with a strong idenity. From the beninnig of their stay in Leszno, they applied for their own school. Initially, they sent their children to the school of the Czech Brethren. In 1638, they were granted the privilege to found elementary school and school for girls. There were also small private schools. In 1659 a Latin school was established, which was to be an alternative to the gymnasium of the Brethren for religious reasons. The level of education in tltheran schools in Leszno is confirmed by the number of students studying at German universities, including in Frankfurt (Oder), Leipzig and Jena.

scholarly journals The Treatise on Names from the Nomocanon (Kormchaia) of the Kirillo-Belozersk Redaction

Slovene ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Belyakova
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

This article for the first time publishes the Treatise on Names from the little known redaction of the nomocanon (Kormchaia). In the Treatise the unknown author protests against the widespread use of non-Christian names in his time, such as Tomilo, Shumilo, etc., and he says that it is unacceptable for a Christian to have any name other than the one he received at baptism. He allows adding to the name only some indications of a person’s trade, his fatherland or place of origin. In this article the author analyzes the manuscript tradition of the Kirillo-Belozersk redaction that occurred no later than the first quarter of the 17th century. The redaction is the shortened text of the Canon norms of the Daniil’s redaction. Thus its composition is expanded by sections addressing real-life problems, such as: icons painted by “infidels,” unrighteous wealth, and impious names. The paper also examines the issue of the attribution of the titles of this version, which historians formerly had ascribed to Maximus the Greek.

The Textual History of Ficino's De Amore

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Devereux
Keyword(s):  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Textual History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Reasons

Students of Renaissance thought and letters have long recognized the importance of Marsilio Ficino's Commentarium in Convivium Phtonis De Amore. Thanks to the edition of M. l'Abbé Raymond Marcel, we also know for certain the date and the manner of its origin, and, in outline, the history of the manuscript tradition. The purpose of this note is to summarize and confirm Marcel's account and to add to it some details which have recently come to light.To begin with, Marcel has laid to rest forever the thesis of A. della Torre that Ficino composed two versions of the De Amore but for religious reasons allowed only one to survive. There was only one Commentarium, occasioned, at least, by the conversation at a real banquet which Ficino and his friends held at Careggi on November 7, 1468, to celebrate the birthday of Plato.

scholarly journals The unknown Mount Athos copy of the holy service to St. Simeon by St. Sava with the prologue life of St. Simeon

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Irena Spadijer
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Time Span ◽  
The Other ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Manuscript Dating ◽  
The One

The Service to St. Simeon, written by St. Sava, has not been published yet and, despite the fact that there are only a few copies of it, its manuscript heritage has not been fully explored either. Menaion No. 11, written in the early 14th century and archived in the collection of the St. Panteleimon monastery on Mt Athos, has been selected for the purposes of this paper from several copies spanning the period from the mid-13th century to the 30s of the 17th century. This manuscript contains a very old copy of the St. Sava?s Service to St. Simeon that has been unknown to scholars to this day. The paper looks at the structure of the Service presented in the Menaion No. 11 and its place in the manuscript tradition. In terms of its structure - primarily the entire Service to Martinian and the separate canons - this work is one of the oldest versions. On the other hand, the text itself coincides with the version of the akolouthia which is considered a later-date and expanded version representing the veneration of the saint - regardless of the fact that it was preserved in the oldest manuscript dating back to the mid-13th century (SASA 361). All later-date monuments preserve the older state and the joint veneration of St. Martinian and St. Simeon. However, some ?expansions? identified in the copy of the Service from the second or third decade of the 14th century (only a few such ?expansions? are presented in the paper) indicate that this text is definitely older than the one written in the mid-13th century which was used for comparison. As the time span between all versions is not too big (at most 10 to 15 years), the microchronology of their orgin remains to be resolved. For the time being, we are quite convinced that the most widespread version (in the oldest manuscript) could not have been written before St. Sava?s second visit to Mount Athos (after 1217), and possibly before his return. What is particularly interesting about this copy is that it contains the Prologue Life of St. Simeon which does not exist in any other manuscript of the Service. For this reason, the Prologue is presented in its full form in the Appendix.

Walking the Deckle Edge

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-140
Author(s):  
Camillo A. Formigatti
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Great Role ◽  
Textual Reuse ◽  
Critical Editions ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Textual Transmission

The article presents a preliminary survey of textual reuse in Nepalese collections of j?takas and avad?nas, focusing in particular on three works: the Avad?na?ataka, the Divy?vad?na, and the Dv?vi??atyavad?nakath?. The reassessment of the manuscript tradition of these three Sanskrit collections, based on Nepalese manuscripts and Tibetan translations, sheds more light on the role of scribes in the creation of these collections and of the Nepalese avad?nam?l? literature. In particular, the great role played in the 17th century by the Nepalese scribe and scholar Jayamuni in shaping the text of the Avad?na?ataka, the Divy?vad?na, and many other Buddhist narrative works is brought to light. The result of this preliminary survey shows that a study of this type of collections based on the available critical editions should be rethought in the light of the specific character of their manuscript and textual transmission in medieval and early modern Nepal.

scholarly journals Stavrotheotokia troparia of the Great and Holy Friday Antiphons (tentative textological analysis of the 11th – 14th century manuscripts)

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
T. S. Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Critical Edition ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

The paper deals with certain troparia found in several Church Slavonic manuscripts as a part of the Great and Holy Friday Antiphons which don’t respond to the described Greek versions of the text. Troparia which appear in the penultimate place of each of the 15 Antiphons are devoted to the Mother of God and could be attributed to the Stavrotheotokion type. The Stavrotheotokia appear regularly almost in all East Slavonic manuscripts up to Patriarch Nikon book correction of the 17th century, while in the South Slavonic tradition they appear regularly only in two early Serbian manuscripts, in the most of the Antiphons in two early Bulgarian manuscripts and in one Antiphon in another Bulgarian manuscript. In the 14th century after the Mount Athos book correction the Stavrotheotokia disappear completely from the South Slavonic manuscript tradition. The goal of our study was a scientific critical edition of the Stavrotheotokia troparia based on 13 East and South Slavonic manuscripts (Triodion and Pentecostarion, Pentecostarion, Lent and Pentecost Sticherarium) of 11th – 14th centuries as well as their textological analysis. Based on the results of the textological analysis we distinguish two versions of the text: the first one is present in East Slavonic manuscripts and Zagreb Triodion, the second one – in two Serbian Triodia, and their compiled type – in the Orbele Triodion. Although no Greek correspondence to these texts have been found so far, the textual evidences argue for the Byzantine origin of a certain text. The outstanding poetic characteristics of certain troparia as well as their remarkable correspondence with the whole poetical structure of the Antiphons cause us to believe that unlike the Theotokia which are included in the Antiphons in the modern Greek and Slavic tradition, the Stavrotheotokia were the part of the initial text of the hymn. Since two versions of the Church Slavonic text are not located on a certain territory, the translation of these texts into Church Slavonic was probably made in the South Slavic area and later transferred to the East Slavonic tradition.

Decoration technique and surface physics

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bethge
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Path ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Surface Physics ◽  
Step Structure ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Atomic Surface ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bulk Structure ◽  
Decoration Technique

Besides the atomic surface structure, diverging in special cases with respect to the bulk structure, the real structure of a surface Is determined by the step structure. Using the decoration technique /1/ it is possible to image step structures having step heights down to a single lattice plane distance electron-microscopically. For a number of problems the knowledge of the monatomic step structures is important, because numerous problems of surface physics are directly connected with processes taking place at these steps, e.g. crystal growth or evaporation, sorption and nucleatlon as initial stage of overgrowth of thin films.To demonstrate the decoration technique by means of evaporation of heavy metals Fig. 1 from our former investigations shows the monatomic step structure of an evaporated NaCI crystal. of special Importance Is the detection of the movement of steps during the growth or evaporation of a crystal. From the velocity of a step fundamental quantities for the molecular processes can be determined, e.g. the mean free diffusion path of molecules.

Immunoscintigraphy in Medullary Thyroid Cancer Using an 123I- or 111ln-Labelled Monoclonal Anti-CEA Antibody Fragment

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. Eilles ◽  
W. Spiegel ◽  
W. Becker ◽  
W. Börner ◽  
Chr. Reiners
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Antibody Fragment ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Medullary Cancer ◽  
Serum Cea

The monoclonal anti-CEA F(ab’)2 fragment MAb BW 431/31, labelled with 123I or111 In, was used for immunoscintigraphy (IS) in 9 patients with medullary cancer of the thyroid (CCC). The results of 11 studies lead to the following conclusions: 1) When using radioiodine as a label for MAb in IS, potassium iodide is absolutely necessary to block the thyroid which is of special importance in patients with thyroid cancer; 2) Preinjection of “cold” MAb reduces the relatively high unspecific uptake (especially in bone marrow) of MAb BW 431/31, which is of special importance for the antibody labelled with 111 In; 3) IS with MAb BW 413/31 in patients with CCC and elevated serum CEA is positive only in cases with large secondaries; and 4) In patients with CCC and several manifestations of secondaries, only a single (large) metastasis may be apparent.

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